Unveiling the theranostic potential of SPIONs in Alzheimer's disease management
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating kind of dementia that is becoming more common worldwide. Toxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregates are the primary cause of AD onset and development. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have received a lot of interest in AD therapy over the last decade because of their ability to redirect the Aβ fibrillation process and improve associated brain dysfunction. The potential diagnostic application of SPIONs in AD has dramatically increased this interest. Furthermore, surface-modified engineered SPIONs function as drug carriers to improve the efficacy of current therapies. Various preclinical and clinical studies on the role of SPIONs in AD pathology have produced encouraging results. However, due to their physicochemical properties (e.g., size, surface charge, and particle concentration) in the biological milieu, SPIONs may play the role of a preventive or accelerative agent in AD. Even though SPIONs are potential therapeutic and diagnostic options in AD, significant efforts are still needed to overcome the inconsistencies and safety concerns. This review evaluated the current understanding of how various SPIONs interact with AD models and explored the discrepancies in their efficacy and safety.
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In the tables summarizing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, different sets of particles appear.
“In the tables summarizing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, different sets of particles appear [91,92].”
From Theranostic Nanoplatforms for Alzheimer's Disease: A Critical Analysis of Conceptual Contradictions (2026) · cites this paper as [92]
For SPIONs, diagnostic doses in vivo reach 5860 mg/kg, and therapeutic ones-25-100 mg/kg.
“For SPIONs, diagnostic doses in vivo reach 5860 mg/kg, and therapeutic ones—25–100 mg/kg [92].”
From Theranostic Nanoplatforms for Alzheimer's Disease: A Critical Analysis of Conceptual Contradictions (2026) · cites this paper as [92]
An analysis of the systematic reviews by Villalva and co-authors on QD and Aminyavari and co-authors on SPIONs showed that neither provides an example of a nanoparticle for which both diagnostic and therapeutic doses were quantitatively determined within a single study.
“An analysis of the systematic reviews by Villalva and co-authors [91] on QD and Aminyavari and co-authors [92] on SPIONs showed that neither provides an example of a nanoparticle for which both diagnostic and therapeutic doses were quantitatively determined within a single study.”
From Theranostic Nanoplatforms for Alzheimer's Disease: A Critical Analysis of Conceptual Contradictions (2026) · cites this paper as [92]
The small size of nanoparticles, which provides their theranostic potential, simultaneously increases the risk of cellular toxicity, since metals, especially iron, play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases.
“The paradox lies in the fact that the small size of particles, which provides their theranostic potential (e.g., high neuronal uptake of small SPIONs), simultaneously increases the risk of cellular toxicity, since metals, especially iron, play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases [92].”
From Theranostic Nanoplatforms for Alzheimer's Disease: A Critical Analysis of Conceptual Contradictions (2026) · cites this paper as [92]
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References 175 · Cited by 5
- Authors
- Aminyavari, S., Afshari, A. R., Ahmadi, S. S., Kesharwani, P., Sanati, M., & Sahebkar, A.
- Affiliations
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Islamic Azad University, Mashhad (IR)
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Jamia Hamdard (IN)
- Birjand University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Sanati, Mehdi
- Sahebkar, Amirhossein
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-11
- Volume
- 179
- Pages
- 244-256
- ISSN
- 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4402676631
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 175
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3
- FWCI
- 0.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-beta aggregation, theranostics, drug carriers, surface modification, nanoparticle toxicity, nanoparticle safety, Alzheimer's disease model, neurodegeneration
- MeSH terms
- Theranostic Nanomedicine, Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Humans, Amyloid beta-Peptides
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