The DOI matches its Crossref record; 94 of the 95 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reconsidering the role of personality in placebo effects: Dispositional optimism, situational expectations, and the placebo response
Abstract
Objective Prior investigations have failed to find reliable personality differences in placebo responding. The present study tests the hypothesis that personality and situational variables interact to determine placebo responding.Methods Optimists and pessimists were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. In the first condition, the participants were told that they were to ingest a pill that would make them feel unpleasant (deceptive-expectation group). In the second condition, the participants were told that they were to ingest a pill that would make them feel either unpleasant or was an inactive substance (conditional-expectation group). Finally, a third group was told they were to ingest a pill that was inactive (control group).Results Pessimists were more likely than optimists to follow a negative-placebo expectation when given a deceptive expectation, but not when given a conditional expectation.Conclusion The personality variable optimism-pessimism relates to placebo responding when individuals are given a deceptive but not a conditional expectation. This suggests that personality and situational variables interact to determine placebo responding.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The experience of pain results from both sensory input and psychological variables such as personality traits and anxiety level1–5.”
From Boundary effects of expectation in human pain perception (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Our interest in individual differences was motivated by our own and others’ findings that the experience of pain is strongly affected by other psychological variables such as optimism, anxiety, suggestibility, and reward responsiveness1–5.”
From Boundary effects of expectation in human pain perception (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“These findings well fit with the notion that optimism and anxiety modulate nocebo, as well as placebo, responses12252641.”
From Changes in perception of treatment efficacy are associated to the magnitude of the nocebo effect and to personality traits (2016) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Geers and colleagues25 found that when participants were told that a pill would have made them feel unpleasant, pessimists were more likely than optimists to report the expected negative symptoms.”
From Changes in perception of treatment efficacy are associated to the magnitude of the nocebo effect and to personality traits (2016) · cites this paper as [25]
Citations
Cites
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.67.6.1063 · Cited by 7,456
Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219 · Cited by 6,690
Social psychology: handbook of basic principles
Higgins, E., & Kruglanski, A. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-3496 · Cited by 5,535
Social psychology: handbook of basic principles
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-3595 · Cited by 4,970
Orne, M. T. (1962) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0043424 · Cited by 4,041
Interaction Effects in Multiple Regression.
Richardson, S. T., Jacard, J., Turrisi, R., & Wan, C. K. (1991) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2348747 · Cited by 3,310
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173489 · Cited by 2,220
Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience.
Higgins, E. T. (1996) · Cited by 1,970
Beecher, H. K. (1955) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1955.02960340022006 · Cited by 1,850
Frank, J. D. (2024) · Johns Hopkins University Press eBooks · doi:10.56021/9781421451374 · Cited by 1,506
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Geers, 2000, Examining the relationship between specific future expectations and optimism and pessimism, Represent Res Soc Psychol, 24, 26
- Ross, 1981, An expectancy-attribution model of the effects of placebos, Psychol Rev, 88, 408, 10.1037/0033-295X.88.5.408 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neurobiological Mechanisms of the Placebo Effect
Benedetti, F., Mayberg, H. S., Wager, T. D., Stohler, C. S., & Zubieta, J.-K. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3458-05.2005 · Cited by 812
The placebo response in medicine: minimize, maximize or personalize?
Enck, P., Bingel, U., Schedlowski, M., & Rief, W. (2013) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3923 · Cited by 671
(2020) · doi:10.1056/nejmra1907805 · Cited by 634
Getting the pain you expect: mechanisms of placebo, nocebo and reappraisal effects in humans
Tracey, I. (2010) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2229 · Cited by 553
Placebo and the New Physiology of the Doctor-Patient Relationship
Benedetti, F. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00043.2012 · Cited by 492
Metadata
- Authors
- Geers, A. L., Helfer, S. G., Kosbab, K., Weiland, P. E., & Landry, S. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Toledo (US)
- Adrian College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Geers, Andrew L.
- ORCID
- Geers, Andrew L.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-02
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 121-127
- ISSN
- 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2076911676
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 3.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- placebo effect, personality, dispositional optimism, pessimism, conditional expectation, placebo response
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Attitude, Female, Humans, Male, Personality, Personality Tests, Placebos, Surveys and Questionnaires, Placebo Effect
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
