The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Short and extra-short forms of the Big Five Inventory–2: The BFI-2-S and BFI-2-XS
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being.
Ryff, C. D. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069 · Cited by 14,847
A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains
Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B. (2003) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(03)00046-1 · Cited by 8,307
Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research
Krueger, R. F., & Johnson, W. (2008) · Cited by 7,884
The structure of phenotypic personality traits.
Goldberg, L. R. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.1.26 · Cited by 4,816
Rammstedt, B., & John, O. P. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.02.001 · Cited by 4,244 · cited 2×
“Thus, prioritizing content validity over internal consistency should help the BFI-2 short forms retain as much of the full measure’s validity as possible (cf. Gosling, Rentfrow, & Swann, 2003; Rammstedt & John, 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Mini-IPIP Scales: Tiny-yet-effective measures of the Big Five Factors of Personality.
Donnellan, M. B., Oswald, F. L., Baird, B. M., & Lucas, R. E. (2006) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.2.192 · Cited by 2,442
The German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) - Scope, Evolution and Enhancements
Wagner, G. G., Frick, J. R., & Schupp, J. (2007) · Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch · doi:10.3790/schm.127.1.139 · Cited by 2,394
Handbook of research methods in personality psychology
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-2315 · Cited by 2,381
Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000096 · Cited by 2,075
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 912
Weisberg, R. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108785259.003 · Cited by 3
Competencias docentes, tecnología y personalidad de los estudiantes del Máster de Secundaria
Díaz, M. S. D. V., Rodríguez, J., Castro-Schez, J. J., & Fernández-Escribano, G. (2023) · RELATEC Revista Latinoamericana de Tecnología Educativa · doi:10.17398/1695-288x.22.2.169 · Cited by 3
Jacobson, N. C., Price, G. D., Song, M., Wortzman, Z., Nguyen, N. D., & Klein, R. J. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2zgv6 · Cited by 3
Terwiel, S., & Kritzler, S. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/h28ct · Cited by 3
Vessel, E. A., Pasqualette, L. B. B. B., Uran, C., Koldehoff, S., & Vinck, M. A. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pnu3r · Cited by 3
Examining Individual Differences in Personality Trait Changes After Negative Life EventsPreprint
Haehner, P., Bleidorn, W., & Hopwood, C. J. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2nygp · Cited by 3
Sun, T., Drasgow, F., & Chen, Y. R. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4xzpm · Cited by 3
Olaru, G., Stieger, M., Flückiger, C., Roberts, B. W., & Allemand, M. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/f9z8s · Cited by 5
Petrowsky, H. M., Escher, Y. A., Boecker, L., Diel, K., Muniak, P., Neumann, M., Oomen, D., Schwarz, L., Strauch, A., Weber, M., et al. (2026) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-026-07643-z · Cited by 4
From Preparation to Performance: Conscientiousness Predicts Negotiation Planning and Value Claiming
Jang, D., Bottom, W. P., & Elfenbein, H. A. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.70015 · Cited by 2
The Bangla Big Five Inventory-2: a comprehensive psychometric validation
Siraji, M. A., Karim, F., Soto, C. J., & Haque, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-90264-0 · Cited by 7
Self-citationWidjaja, E. S., Spackman, E. K., Bainbridge, T. F., Ludeke, S. G., Uljarević, M., Hudry, K., & Smillie, L. D. (2025) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911251326395 · Cited by 2
Ziemba-Davis, M. M., Zanolla, J. A., Sonn, K. A., & Buller, L. T. (2025) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2025.03.083 · Cited by 2
Condensing the Muses: Development of the Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale (K-DOCS) Short Form
Zielińska, A., McKay, A. S., Karwowski, M., Reiter‐Palmon, R., & Kaufman, J. C. (2025) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2025.2506025 · Cited by 2
Silvia, P. J., Crasson, S. J., Greengross, G., & Kuhn, G. (2025) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113306 · Cited by 2
Making Multimethod Latent State–Trait Models for Random and Fixed Situations Accessible: A Tutorial
Tinhof, D. L., & Mayer, A. (2025) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.13031 · Cited by 2
Improving the Measurement of the Big Five via Alternative Formats for the BFI-2
Zhang, X., Huang, M., Sun, J., & Savalei, V. (2025) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2025.2531187 · Cited by 2
Padilla, M. A., Schlappi, L. M., & Chiang, E. S. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15091228 · Cited by 2
Cole, A. C., Deal, A. M., Stover, A. M., Vizer, L. M., Yu, F., King, A. J., Mazur, L. M., & Richardson, D. R. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/80531 · Cited by 2
MR Nudge: A Study on Behavior Changes Prompted by Virtual Objects in Mixed Reality
Kasahara, Y., Choi, M., Sakamoto, D., & Ono, T. (2025) · Augmented Humans International Conference (AHs) · doi:10.1145/3745900.3746093 · Cited by 2
Ayed, A. (2025) · Journal of financial reporting & accounting · doi:10.1108/jfra-05-2025-0373 · Cited by 2
Bunghez, C., & Lupu, M. (2025) · Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.2478/rjap-2025-0007 · Cited by 2
Sense of belonging in higher education: the effect of early introductory activities
van Bommel, G., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2025) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2025.2598598 · Cited by 2
Hubeny, T. J., Nahon, L. S., & Gawronski, B. (2026) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976251404040 · Cited by 3
Self‐Patience: A Generative Theoretical Approach
Susoeff, S., & Sweeny, K. M. (2026) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.70122 · Cited by 2
Rammstedt, B., Vogel, V., Roth, M., & Lechner, C. M. (2026) · Large-scale Assessments in Education · doi:10.1186/s40536-026-00281-2 · Cited by 2
Mlakar, I., Šafran, V., Plohl, N., Kumperščak, H. G., Močnik, S., Smogavc, Ž., & Smrke, U. (2026) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0001069 · Cited by 3
Psychometric validation and cross-language invariance of the Arabic INCOM short form using PLS-SEM
Almailabi, B. S., & Buunk, A. P. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1801103 · Cited by 2
Ma, C., Chen, M., & Yang, D. (2026) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2026.113849 · Cited by 2
Zhou, M., Huang, D., Ren, F., Fan, W., Mu, W., Li, F., Zhang, J., & Cheung, F. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.709032 · Cited by 2
Sedlár, M. (2022) · Nordic Psychology · doi:10.1080/19012276.2022.2094823 · Cited by 2
The Big Five and Big Two personality factors in Mongolia
Minkov, M., Соколов, Б. О., Tasse, M. A., Jamballuu, E., Schachner, M., & Kaasa, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.917505 · Cited by 2
Portešová, Š., Jabůrek, M., Rečka, K., Straka, O., & Parker, W. D. (2022) · Technology Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-022-09625-7 · Cited by 3
Person, Situation, and Person-Situation Interaction in Sports
Geukes, K., Hanrahan, S. J., & Back, M. D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-03921-8_13 · Cited by 2
da Silva, M. A., Silva, L. C., dos Santos, A. L. S., & Alvarenga, M. A. S. (2023) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-023-00301-y · Cited by 2
Ndofirepi, T. M., & Steyn, R. (2023) · African Journal of Inter/Multidisciplinary Studies · doi:10.51415/ajims.v5i1.1028 · Cited by 2
Horne, G., Furnham, A. F., & Grover, S. (2023) · Journal of Electronic Gaming and Esports · doi:10.1123/jege.2022-0022 · Cited by 2
Factors Associated with Perceived Self-efficacy in Online and Face-to-Face Flirting Skills
Romero, D. R., Rodrigues, D. L., Mebarak, M., & Martínez-Banfi, M. L. (2023) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-023-10129-4 · Cited by 2
An English-Language adaptation and validation of the Justice Sensitivity Short Scales–8 (JSS-8)
Groskurth, K., Beierlein, C., Nießen, D., Baumert, A., Rammstedt, B., & Lechner, C. M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0293748 · Cited by 2
The psychometric property of a short-form of the Social Axioms Survey (SAS II)
Tong, K. K., Chen, J. H., & He, M. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01401-1 · Cited by 2
Weiß, A. (2023) · Journal of Methods and Measurement in the Social Sciences · doi:10.2458/jmmss.6048 · Cited by 2
Vigl, J., Strauß, H., Talamini, F., & Zentner, M. R. (2024) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12928 · Cited by 2
Rahman, W. Z. W. A., Zahari, A. S. M., & Abdullah, Z. (2024) · Information Management and Business Review · doi:10.22610/imbr.v16i1(i).3682 · Cited by 2
Be careful what you wish for: Individuals perceived to desire status are afforded less status
Choi, A. L., & Anderson, C. P. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0304727 · Cited by 2
Bernardes, G., Bozza, B. R., Motta, M., Mattos, P., & Fischer, R. D. (2025) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2024.104570 · Cited by 3
On the Measurement of Episodic Empowerment
Bartholomaeus, J. D., Mandrell, J., & Strelan, P. (2025) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12838 · Cited by 2
Mining Digital Ad Contents: Finding the Sweet Spot of Authenticity via Personality Profiling
Guan, C., Liu, W., Cheng, Y.-C., & Heng, B. (2025) · Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising · doi:10.1080/10641734.2024.2448138 · Cited by 2
Who Wants to be Mindful? Personality Predictors of Meditation Practice
Ryakhovskaya, Y., Dam, N. T. V., & Smillie, L. D. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02526-7 · Cited by 2
Martinez, R. L., Regan, A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Oettingen, G., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2025) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.70043 · Cited by 4
Guilherme, A. A., Cardoso, N. D. O., Ames, J. P., Pires, M. D. O., & Machado, W. D. L. (2025) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-025-00447-x · Cited by 4
Schaefer, K. E., & Finney, S. J. (2025) · Educational Assessment · doi:10.1080/10627197.2025.2487108 · Cited by 2
Fibbing friends: self and friend perceptions of honesty and honesty-adjacent characteristics
Yang, H., Low, A. E., & Chopik, W. J. (2025) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2025.104612 · Cited by 2
Müller, F. L., Czarna, A. Z., & Dufner, M. (2025) · Personality Science · doi:10.1177/27000710251359515 · Cited by 2
Public Perception of Genetic Research on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
Kunstman, B. L., Woosley, A. M., & Derringer, J. L. (2026) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-026-10257-1 · Cited by 2
Brauer, K., & Proyer, R. T. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111292 · Cited by 2
Weisberg, R. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108785259.002 · Cited by 2
Květoň, P., Jelínek, M., & Burešová, I. (2022) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221109581 · Cited by 2
THE ACCURACY DISTORTIONS IN SELF-ASSESSMENT
Ferdinandov, K. G. (2022) · Psychological Thought · doi:10.37708/psyct.v15i2.706 · Cited by 2
Nurbaiti, F., Faradiba, A. T., & Aisyah, A. (2022) · JIVA Journal of Behavior and Mental Health · doi:10.30984/jiva.v3i1.2028 · Cited by 2
Wong, A. E., & Dirghangi, S. R. (2023) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.1177/02762366231154188 · Cited by 2
Perception of Virtual Agents as Communicators in Virtual vs. Augmented Reality by a Male Sample
Serafini, M., & Chittaro, L. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-30933-5_3 · Cited by 2
Stefana, A., Fusar‐Poli, P., Vieta, E., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2023) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.16466.1 · Cited by 9
Hill, P. L., Olaru, G., & Allemand, M. (2024) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053241226814 · Cited by 3
Neuroticism’s ties to relationship satisfaction: the role of conflict tactic behaviors
Lange, A., Rasmussen, B., Esplin, C. R., Clark, M. S., & Braithwaite, S. R. (2024) · Sexual & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/14681994.2024.2307448 · Cited by 2
A Fault Confessed Is Half Redressed: The Impact of Deviant Workplace Behavior on Proactive Behavior
Zhang, S., & Zhao, M. (2024) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci14070141 · Cited by 2
Who are Latvian Women Entrepreneurs of Small Businesses? A Preliminary Study
Užule, K., Kuzmina-Merlino, I., & Ishmuhametov, I. (2019) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12450-2_63 · Cited by 2
Musabiq, S., Adisya, A., Shabrina, A. K., Lutfiana, A., Widyani, B. R., Rahmatia, D. A., Mulyadi, M. S., Rahman, R., & Prasetyo, M. S. (2020) · Optimum: Journal of Economics and Development (University of Ahmad Dahlan Yogyakarta) · doi:10.12928/jehcp.v9i3.16528 · Cited by 3
Collier, D., Fitzpatrick, D., Brehm, C., Hearit, K. M., & Beach, A. L. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3534463 · Cited by 2
Minh, N. V. T. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-51277/v1 · Cited by 2
Rohde, P. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9cfw3 · Cited by 2
Damovsky, F., Zettl, M., Zimmermann, J., Herbold, W., Curtius, T., Buecker, S., Taubner, S., & Volkert, J. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/cm3qv · Cited by 2
REMOVED DUE TO POLICY VIOLATIONSPreprint
Reitz, A. K., den Boer, L., van Scheppingen, M. A., & Diwan, K. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2yw78 · Cited by 2
Crone, D. L., Shim, Y., Cotter, K. N., Tay, L., & Pawelski, J. O. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vhq5m · Cited by 2
Jones, C. M., Ferguson, S. G., O'Connor, D. B., & Schüz, B. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/v4ag2 · Cited by 2
Kroencke, L., Kuper, N., Mota, S., Utesch, K., Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Back, M. D. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/sz2jh · Cited by 2
Welke, D., & Vessel, E. A. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.654230 · Cited by 2
Short and long sleeper prototypes: Perceptions of sleep duration and personality traits
Pantesco, E. J., & Kan, I. P. (2022) · Sleep Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.sleepe.2022.100051 · Cited by 1
Obesity and cognitive functioning in a normal cognitive elderly group
Enache, A., & Pavel, A. N. (2020) · Romanian Journal of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy · doi:10.37897/rjpp.2020.3.2 · Cited by 1
Kang, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1134188 · Cited by 1
Diržytė, A., Perminas, A., Skarnulyte, A., Gajdosikienė, I., Bitinaitė, R., & Patapas, A. (2024) · European Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.5708/ejmh.19.2024.0015 · Cited by 1
Partsch, M. V., Olaru, G., & Lechner, C. M. (2024) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2024.2309994 · Cited by 1
Jokar, F. K., Hasanvand, F., Aflatooni, L., Javanbakht, F., Asadi, F., & Daneshpour, M. (2024) · International Journal of Systemic Therapy · doi:10.1080/2692398x.2024.2359181 · Cited by 1
Obtaining a Bayesian Estimate of Coefficient Alpha Using a Posterior Normal Distribution
DelosReyes, J. M. V., & Padilla, M. A. (2025) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131644241311877 · Cited by 1
Faktorstruktur und Messkomplexität des BFI-K
Arens, A. K., & Preckel, F. (2025) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000345 · Cited by 1
The role of individual differences and attitude in willingness to participate in TMS studies
Lolansen, C., Howard, C. J., Mitra, S., & Badham, S. P. (2025) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-025-02623-4 · Cited by 1
Schiekiera, L., & Niemeyer, H. (2025) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.160170.1 · Cited by 1
Solano, A. C., & de la Iglesia, G. (2025) · Personality Science · doi:10.1177/27000710251334812 · Cited by 1
Eglovitch, M., Edwards, A. C., Polak, K., Ondersma, S. J., Kendler, K. S., & Svikis, D. S. (2025) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agaf028 · Cited by 1
Merkley, E., & Baker, M. N. (2025) · Politics and the Life Sciences · doi:10.1017/pls.2025.10003 · Cited by 1
Buck, L. F., Doran, L., Kołodziejczak, K., Gander, F., Traut, A. C., Uhlich, M., Grob, A., & Horstmann, K. T. (2025) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506251347722 · Cited by 1
The utility of perceived normative behavior to understand examinee effort on low-stakes assessments
Finney, S. J., Pastor, D. A., & Herr, R. K. (2025) · International Journal of Testing · doi:10.1080/15305058.2025.2530928 · Cited by 1
Jarvis, L. O., Jack, A. H., Galbraith, N. D., Campbell, W. K., & Weiss, B. (2025) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104949 · Cited by 1
Beliefs about seeking and receiving help: a mixed-methods analysis
Scotney, V. S., & Tay, L. (2025) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2025.2549765 · Cited by 3
Exploring the Role of Social Desirability in Situational Judgment Test Responding
Brown, M. I., & Martín‐Raugh, M. P. (2025) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113424 · Cited by 2
Actively Participating in Live Events as an Avenue for Social Connection
Brand, D. R., Proctor, A. S., Harvey, M. W., Abney, D. H., Slatcher, R. B., & Holt‐Lunstad, J. (2025) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506251360041 · Cited by 1
The Development and Initial Validation of the Self-Presentational Defensiveness Scale
Sciberas, C., & Fournier, M. A. (2025) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2025.2542259 · Cited by 2
Dosil‐Díaz, C., Bugallo-Carrera, C., Gandoy‐Crego, M., & Gerbaudo-González, N. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1581281 · Cited by 1
Associations between myocardial infarction (MI), personality traits, and mental health
Kang, W., Suarez-Ardila, F., Malvaso, A., & Hernández, S. P. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08411-9 · Cited by 1
Schellenberg, L., Altorfer, M., & Haehner, P. (2025) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070251383960 · Cited by 1
Luo, Y., Gu, Y., Huang, Y., & Wang, J. (2025) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.70059 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Soto, C. J., & John, O. P.
- Affiliations
- Colby College (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Soto, Christopher J.
- Venue
- Journal of Research in Personality
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-06
- Volume
- 68
- Pages
- 69-81
- ISSN
- 0092-6566 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2590578401
- Cited by
- 927
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 174 · 2025: 163 · 2024: 131 · 2023: 135 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 13
- FWCI
- 36.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Research in Personality (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of California Berkeley
- Colby College
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- Big Five Inventory-2, Big Five personality traits, personality facets, reliability statistics, validity, personality assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review