The Immune System in Menopause: Pros and Cons of Hormone Therapy
Open accessAbstract
With aging, a general decline in immune function is observed leading to immune-senescence. Several of these changes are gender specific affecting postmenopausal women. Menopause is a normal part of a woman's lifecycle and consists of a series of body changes that can last from one to ten years. It is known that loss of sex hormones due to aging results in a reduction of immune functions. However, there remains a major gap in our understanding regarding the loss of immune functions particularly in the female reproductive tract (FRT) following menopause and the role of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) in protecting against immune senescence. The current review presents an overview of changes in the immune system due to aging, focusing on genital tract immunity in menopausal women and the risks and benefits of using MHT. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Menopause'.
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References 66 · Cited by 119
- Authors
- Ghosh, M., Rodriguez-Garcia, M., & Wira, C. R.
- Affiliations
- George Washington University (US)
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ghosh, Mimi
- Venue
- The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-07
- Volume
- 142
- Pages
- 171-175
- ISSN
- 0960-0760 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3954964
- OpenAlex
- W2047944451
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 0.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (P30CA023108)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI102838, AI-071761, AI102837, R03AI102837, R01AI071761, AI-51877, R56AI071761, P01AI051877)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- menopause, hormone replacement therapy, immunosenescence, sex hormones, female reproductive tract immunity, postmenopausal women, estrogen
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aging, Animals, Estradiol, Female, Genitalia, Female, Humans, Immune System, Immunity, Innate, Infections, Menopause, Middle Aged, Progesterone, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Vaccination, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Adaptive Immunity
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