CODE reuse in practice: Benefiting or harming technical debt
Open accessThe claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Previous research links code clones to increased technical debt.
“and code clones to increased technical debt [55,56].”
From Self-Admitted GenAI Usage in Open-Source Software (2026) · cites this paper as [56]
The Interpretation of Results and Practical Considerations section reports that reused code has about three times the technical-debt principal of native code. However, the paper studies reused classes, not code clones specifically, and its Abstract reports lower technical-debt interest for reused code. It therefore supports a narrower link between code reuse and one measure of technical debt, not the claim about clones generally. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Quality, productivity and economic benefits of software reuse: a review of industrial studies
Mohagheghi, P., & Conradi, R. (2007) · Empirical Software Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10664-007-9040-x · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 55
- Ajila, S.A. , Wu, D. , 2007. Empirical study of the effects of open source adoption on software development economics. J. Syst. Softw. 80 (9), 1517-1529 Else- vierSeptember .
- de Almeida, E.S. , Alvaro, A. , Lucredio, D. , Garcia, V.C. , de Lemos Meira, S.R. , 2005. A survey on software reuse processes. In: 7 th International Conference on Informa- tion Reuse and Integration , Las Vegas, USA. IEEE, pp. 66-71 15-17 August .
- Alves, N.S.R. , Mendes, T.S. , de Mendonça, M.G. , Spínola, R.O. , Shull, F. , Carolyn Sea- man , 2016. Identification and management of technical debt: A systematic map- ping study. Inf. Softw. Technol. 70, 100-121 Elsevier .
- Amanatidis, T. , Mittas, N. , Chatzigeorgiou, A. , Ampatzoglou, A. , Angelis, L. , 2018. The Developer's Dilemma: Factors Affecting the Decision to Repay Code Debt. In: 1 st International Conference on Technical Debt (TechDebt' 18), Gothenburg. IEEE/ACM, pp. 62-66 27-28 May .
- Ampatzoglou, A. , Ampatzoglou, A. , Chatzigeorgiou, A. , Avgeriou, P. , 2015. The fi- nancial aspect of managing technical debt: A systematic literature review. Inf. Softw. Technol. 64, 52-73 ElsevierAugust .
- Ampatzoglou, A. , Ampatzoglou, A. , Avgeriou, P. , Chatzigeorgiou, A. , 2016. A Finan- cial Approach for Managing Interest in Technical Debt. A Financial Approach for Managing Interest in Technical Debt. Springer .
- Ampatzoglou, A. , Gkortzis, A. , Charalampidou, S. , Avgeriou, P. , 2013. An embedded multiple-case study on OSS design quality assessment across domains. In: 7 th International Symposium on Empirical Software Engi-neering and Measurement (ESEM' 13), Baltimore, USA. ACM/IEEE, pp. 255-258 10-11 October .
- Ampatzoglou, A. , Ampatzoglou, A. , Chatzigeorgiou, A. , Avgeriou, P. , Abrahamsson, P. , Martini, A. , Zdun, U. , Systa, K. , 2016. The perception of technical debt in the embedded systems domain: an industrial case study. In: 8 th International Work- shop on Managing Technical Debt (MTD' 16), Raleigh, USA. IEEE, pp. 9-16 4 Oc- tober .
- Arvanitou, E.M. , Ampatzoglou, A. , Bibi, S. , Chatzigeorgiou, A. , Stamelos, I. , 2019. Monitoring technical debt in an industrial setting. 23 rd International Conference on the Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering (EASE' 19). ACM 14-17 April .
- Baldassarre, M.T. , Bianchi, A. , Caivano, D. , Visaggio, G. , 2005. An industrial case study on reuse oriented devel-opment. In: 21 st International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM'05), Budapest, Hungary. IEEE, pp. 283-292 25-30 Septem- ber .
- Barros-Justo, J.L. , Pinciroli, F. , Matalong, S. , Martínez-Araujo, N. , 2018. What software reuse benefits have been transferred to the industry? A systematic mapping study. Inf. Softw. Technol. 103, 1-21 Elsevier .
- Buschmann, F. , 2011. To pay or not to pay technical debt. Software 28 (6), 29-31 IEEEJune .
- Chatzigeorgiou, A. , Ampatzoglou, A. , Ampatzoglou, A. , Amanatidis, T. , 2015. Estimat- ing the breaking point for technical debt. In: 7 th International Workshop on Managing Technical Debt (MTD). IEEE, pp. 53-56 Bremen2 Octomber .
- Chidamber, S.R. , Kemerer, C.F. , 1994. A metrics suite for object oriented design. Trans. Softw. Eng. 20 (6), 476-493 IEEEJune .
- Constantinou, E. , Ampatzoglou, A. , Stamelos, I. , 2014. Quantifying reuse in OSS: A large-scale empirical study. Int. J. Open Source Softw. Process. 5 (3), 1-19 IGI- GlobalJuly .
- Cunningham, W. , 1992. The WyCash Portfolio Management System. In: 7 th Inter- national Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications (OOPSLA '92), Vancouver, Canada, pp. 29-30 5-10 October .
- Deniz, B. , Bilgen, S. , 2014. An Empirical Study of Software reuse and quality in an industrial setting. In: International Conference on Computer Science and its Ap- plications, pp. 508-523 Springer30 June .
- Digkas, G. , Lungu, M. , Avgeriou, P. , Chatzigeorgiou, A. , Ampatzoglou, A. , 2018. How do developers fix issues and pay back technical debt in the apache ecosystem? In: 25 th International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengi- neering (SANER' 18). IEEE Computer Society, pp. 153-163 March .
- Eisenberg, R. , 2013. Management of technical debt: a lockheed martin experience report. 5 th International Workshop on Managing Technical Debt (MTD' 13) 9 October .
- Feitosa, D. , Ampatzoglou, A. , Avgeriou, P. , Nakagawa, E.Y. , 2015. Investigating qual- ity trade-offs in open source Critical Embedded Systems. In: 11 th International Conference on Quality of Software Architectures (QoSA' 15), Montreal, Canada. ACM, pp. 113-122 4-7 May .
- Field, A. , 2017. Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS, fifth ed. SAGE Publications .
- Frakes, W.B. , Kang, K. , 2005. Software Reuse Research: Status and Future. Trans. Softw. Eng. 31 (7), 529-536 IEEEJuly .
- Heinemann, L. , Deissenboeck, F. , Gleirscher, M. , Hummel, B. , Irlbeck, M. , 2011. On the extent and nature of software reuse in open source java projects. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 207-222 Springer .
- Kazman, R. , Cai, Y. , Mo, R. , Feng, Q. , Xiao, L. , Haziyev, S. , Fedak, V. , Shapochka, A. , 2015. A Case study in locating the architectural roots of technical debt. In: 37 th IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE' 2015), IEEE/ACM, pp. 179-188 Florence, Italy, 16-24 May .
- Kosti, M.V. , Ampatzogirlou, A. , Chatzigeorgiou, A. , Pallas, G. , Stamelos, I. , Angelis, L. , 2017. TD principal assessment through structural quality metrics. In: 43 rd Eu- romicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA' 17), Vienna, Austria. IEEE, pp. 329-333 30 August -1 September .
- Kruchten, P. , Nord, R. , Ozkaya, I. , 2012. Technical debt: from metaphor to theory and practice. Software 29 (6), 18-21 IEEENovember .
- Krueger, C.W. , 1992. Software reuse. Computing Surveys 24 (2), 131-183
- Letouzey, J.L. , 2012. The sqale method for evaluating technical debt. In: 3 rd Interna- tional Workshop on Managing Technical Debt (MTD '12), Zurich, Switze r land. IEEE, pp. 31-36 2-9 December .
- Li, W. , Henry, S. , 1993. Object-oriented metrics that predict maintainability. J. Syst. Softw. 23 (2), 111-122 ElsevierFebruary .
- Lim, W.C. , 1994. Effects of reuse on quality, productivity, and economics. Software 11 (5), 23-30 IEEEMay .
- Martínez-Fernández, S. , Ayala, C.P. , Franch, X. , Marques, H.M. , 2013. REARM: a reuse-based economic model for software reference architectures. 13 th Interna- tional Conference on Software Reuse (ICSR' 13). Springer 18-21 June .
- Martini, A. , Bosch, J. , Chaudron, M. , 2014. Architecture Technical Debt: Understand- ing Causes and a Qualitative Model. In: 40 th EUROMICRO Conference on Soft- ware Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA' 14), Verona, Italy. IEEE, pp. 85-92 27-29 August .
- Mavridis, A. , 2014. Valuation and Selection of OSS with Real Options. In: 26 th Inter- national Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAISE' 14). Springer, pp. 44-52 16-20 June .
- Mikkonen, T. , Taivalsaari, A. , 2019. Software reuse in the era of opportunistic design. IEEE Softw. 36 (3), 105-111 May-June .
- Misra, S.H. , 2005. Modeling design/coding factors that drive maintainability of soft- ware systems. Softw. Qual. J. 13 (3), 297-320 Springer .
- Mo, R. , Cai, Y. , Kazman, R. , Xiao, L. , 2015. Hotspot patterns: The formal definition and automatic detection of architecture smells. In: 12 th Working IEEE/IFIP Con- ference on Software Architecture (WICSA '15), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. IEEE, pp. 51-60 May .
- Mohagheghi, P. , Conradi, R. , 2008. An empirical investigation of software reuse ben- efits in a large telecom product. Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. 17 (3), 13 ACM- pagesSeptember .
- Morisio, M. , Romano, D. , Stamelos, I. , 2002. Quality productivity and learning in framework-based development: an exploratory case study. Trans. Softw. Eng. 28 (9), 876-888 IEEESeptember .
- Nikolaidis, N. , Digkas, G. , Ampatzoglou, A. , Chatzigeorgiou, A. , 2019. Reusing code from StackOverflow: the effect on technical debt. 45 th Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA' 19). IEEE 28-30 August .
- Palomba, F. , Bavota, G. , Penta, M.D. , Oliveto, R. , Lucia, A.D. , 2014. Do they really smell bad? A study on developers' perception of bad code smells. In: 30 th Interna- tional Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ISCME' 14), Victoria, Canada. IEEE, pp. 101-110 29 September -3 October .
- Parnas, D.L. , 1994. Software Aging. In: 6 th International Conference on Software En- gineering (ICSE '94), Sorrento, Italy. IEEE Computer Society, pp. 279-287 16 -21 May .
- Potdar, A. , Shihab, E. , 2014. An exploratory study on self-admitted technical debt. In: 2014 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution, pp. 91-100 .
- Poulin, J.S. , 1999. Reuse: been there done that. Communications 42 (5), 98-100 ACM
- Riaz, M. , Mendes, E. , Tempero, E. , 2009. A systematic review of software main- tainability prediction and metrics. In: 3rd International Symposium on Em- pirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM' 09). IEEE, Florida, USA, pp. 367-377 15-16 October .
- Rine, D.C. , 1997. Success factors for software reuse that are applicable across do- mains and businesses. In: Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC' 97), ACM, San Jose, USA, pp. 182-186 28 February -2 March .
- Runeson, P. , Höst, M. , Rainer, A. , Regnell, B. , 2012. Case Study Research in Software Engineering: Guidelines and Examples. John Wiley and Sons .
- Seaman, C. , Guo, Y. , 2011. Measuring and monitoring technical debt. Adv. Comput. 82, 25-46 Elsevier .
- Schmid, K. , 2013. On the limits of the technical debt metaphor some guidance on going beyond. In: 4 th International Workshop on Managing Technical Debt (MTD '13), IEEE Computer Society, San Francisco, USA, pp. 63-66 18 -26 May .
- Tsintzira, A .A . , Ampatzoglou, A . , Matei, O. , Ampatzoglou, A. , Chatzigeorgiou, A. , Heb, R. , 2019. Technical Debt Quantification through Metrics: An Industrial Val- idation. 15 th China-Europe International Symposium on Software Engineering Edu- cation (CEISEE' 19) , IEEE 30-31 May .
- van Koten, C. , Gray, A. , 2006. An application of Bayesian network for predicting ob- ject-oriented software maintaina-bility. Inf. Softw. Technol. 48 (1), 59-67 Else- vier .
- Xiao, L. , Cai, Y. , Kazman, R. , Mo, R. , Feng, Q. , 2016. Identifying and quantifying archi- tectural debt. In: 38 th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), Austin, TX, USA. IEEE/ACM, pp. 4 88-4 98 May .
- Yli-Huumo, J. , Maglyas, A. , Smolander, K. , 2013. The sources and approaches to man- agement of technical debt: a case study of two product lines in a middle-size finnish software company. 14 th International Conference on Product-Focused Soft- ware Process Improvement (PROFES' 14) , Springer 12-14 June .
- Zaimi, A. , Ampatzoglou, A. , Triantafyllidou, N. , Chatzigeorgiou, A. , Mavridis, A. , Chaikalis, T. , Deligiannis, I. , Sfetsos, P. , Ioannis Stamelos , 2015. An empirical study on the reuse of third-party libraries in open-source software develop- ment. 7 th Balkan Conference on Informatics Conference (BCI '15), ACM article 42-4 September .
- Zazworka, N. , Shaw, M. , Shull, F. , Seaman, C. , 2011. Investigating the impact of design debt on software quality. In: 2 nd Workshop on Managing Technical Debt (MTD '11), ACM, Hawaii, USA, pp. 17-23 21 -28 May .
- Zhou, Y. , Leung, H. , 2007. Predicting object-oriented software maintainability using multivariate adaptive regres-sion splines. J. Syst. Softw. 80 (8), 1349-1361 Else- vier .
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Self-Admitted GenAI Usage in Open-Source Software
Xiao, T., Fan, Y., Calefato, F., Treude, C., Kula, R. G., Hata, H., & Baltes, S. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/tse.2026.3681886 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Feitosa, D., Ampatzoglou, A., Gkortzis, A., Bibi, S., & Chatzigeorgiou, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- University of Macedonia (GR)
- Athens University of Economics and Business (GR)
- University of Western Macedonia (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Feitosa, Daniel
- Venue
- Journal of Systems and Software
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-09
- Volume
- 167
- Pages
- 110618
- ISSN
- 0164-1212 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3028257094
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 2.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Systems and Software (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Software Engineering Research
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Software Engineering Techniques and Practices
- Keywords
- technical debt, software reuse, open source software, software maintenance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review