Reliability of a wearable sweat rate monitor and routine sweat analysis techniques under heat stress in females
Open accessAbstract
Introduction The aim of the study was to evaluate the reliability of five different sweat analysis techniques which measure; whole body sweat rate [WBSR], local sweat rate [LSR] (via technical absorbent [TA] method and KuduSmart® monitor), sweat conductivity [SC] and sweat gland activation [SGA] in a female population when exercising moderately under heat stress.Methods Fourteen females (age; 26 ± 7 years, body mass; 66.5 ± 7.6 kg, height; 167.1 ± 6.4 cm) completed a preliminary threshold walking test (to determine exercise intensity) and two main trials, separated by 2 days. Main trials consisted of 30-min seated rest in the environmental chamber (35 °C, 50% relative humidity) in an upper body sauna-suit, before its removal, and walking at a moderate intensity (4 metabolic equivalents) for 30-min (speeds ranged from 4.8 to 6.5 km h-1). WBSR was measured via nude mass pre and post exercise. The TA and Tegaderm patches (for sweat sodium chloride) were placed on the back, forearm and chest for the entire 60-min, replicated for all participants for both trials. SGA was assessed following the 60-min trial and the KuduSmart® monitor was placed on the left arm for the 30-min of exercise.Results WBSR, LSR methods and SC demonstrated no difference between trials (p > 0.05), good agreement (within limits), strong correlations (r ≥ 0.88) and low typical error of measurements [TEM] (< 0.04 L min-1, 0.13 mg min-1 cm-2 and 8 mmol L-1, respectively). SGA method showed moderate intra-class correlation (r = 0.80), with high TEM (5 glands) and large limits of agreement.Conclusion Sudomotor function is reliable, as demonstrated by good reliability, small TEM and strong correlations. The use of these sweat techniques is appropriate and practical in females who are exercising at moderate intensity under heat stress, and so, may aid future interventions. SGA shows larger variation and should be used with caution.
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Wearables are applied in diverse fields of health.
“Apart from these 2 examples, wearables are applied in diverse fields of health, including acoustic, gastrointestinal sensors for ileus prediction [18]; UV sun exposure [19]; heat-related illness measurements [20]; electrolyte monitoring, for example, for cystic fibrosis or training management [21,22]; early warning of AF with a wearable ring [23]; generation of electrocardiograms (ECGs) [15];”
From The impact of wearable technologies in health research: scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
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References 63 · Cited by 19
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- Cohen, J. (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd Edition) Title : Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd Edition) ID : XM-77778, [Online]. Available at https://6666957a-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/ff07edownloadbooks/ff07/statistical- power-analysis-for-the-behavioral-sciences- 2nd.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7cqR2kWRoQWwLEvAt3P_rXQscpdNLFkYcVJRO0cYdp7- BFTooBI3r9gvP9o9G9eFEgg61PJnzwDxFYCfJEHUlmHGC1wICXN (Accessed 1 October 2018).
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- Willmott, A G B, Hayes, M., Dekerle, J. and Maxwell, N. S. (2015) 'The reliability of a heat acclimation state test prescribed from metabolic heat production intensities', Journal of Thermal Biology, Elsevier, vol. 53, pp. 38-45 [Online]. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.08.008. · DOI
- Willmott, A. G. B., Hayes, M., Waldock, K. A. M., Relf, R. L., Watkins, E. R., James, C. A., Gibson, O. R., Smeeton, N. J., Richardson, A. J., Watt, P. W. and Maxwell, N. S. (2017) 'Short-term heat acclimation prior to a multi-day desert ultra-marathon improves physiological and psychological responses without compromising immune status', Journal of Sports Sciences, Routledge, vol. 35, no. 22, pp. 2249-2256 [Online]. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1265142 (Accessed 3 July 2018). · DOI
- Authors
- Relf, R., Willmott, A., Flint, M. S., Beale, L., & Maxwell, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Brighton (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Relf, Rebecca
- Venue
- Journal of Thermal Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-01
- Volume
- 79
- Pages
- 209-217
- ISSN
- 0306-4565 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2906146409
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 0.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Thermal Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Brighton Repository (University of Brighton) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Anglia Ruskin Research Online (Anglia Ruskin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Brighton
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- sweat rate, heat stress, sweat conductivity, local sweat rate, women, thermal comfort
- MeSH terms
- Fitness Trackers, Adult, Female, Humans, Monitoring, Physiologic, Sweat, Sweat Glands, Sweating, Reproducibility of Results, Exercise
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