Cited by 461Cardiovascular and exercise physiologyPhysical Activity and HealthClinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control

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Reference Standards for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Measured With Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing

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Kaminsky, Leonard A., Arena, Ross, Myers, Jonathan·2015·Mayo Clinic Proceedings

DOI 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.026PMC PMC4919021

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Abstract

Objective To develop standards for cardiorespiratory fitness by establishing reference values derived from cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) in the United States.Patients and methods Eight laboratories in the US experienced in CPX administration with established quality control procedures contributed data from January 1, 2014, through February 1, 2015, from 7783 maximal (respiratory exchange ratio, ≥ 1.0) treadmill tests from men and women (aged 20-79 years) without cardiovascular disease (CVD) to the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise: A National Data Base (FRIEND). Percentiles of maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max) for men and women were determined for each decade from 20 years of age through 79 years of age. Comparisons of VO 2max were made to reference data established with CPX data from Norway and to US reference data established without CPX measurements.Results There were significant differences between sex and age groups for VO 2max. In FRIEND, the 50th percentile VO 2max of men and women aged 20 to 29 years decreased from 48.0 and 37.6 mLO2 · kg(-1) · min(-1) to 24.4 and 18.3 mLO2 · kg(-1) · min(-1) for ages 70 to 79 years, respectively. The rate of decline in this cohort during a 5-decade period was approximately 10% per decade.Conclusion These are the first cardiorespiratory fitness reference data using measures obtained from CPX in the United States. FRIEND can be used to provide a more accurate interpretation of measured VO 2max from maximal exercise tests for the US population compared with previous standards on the basis of workload-derived estimations.

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Authors: Kaminsky, L. A., Arena, R., & Myers, J.
Affiliations: Ball State University (US)
University of Illinois Chicago (US)
VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
Corresponding author: Kaminsky, Leonard A.
ORCID: Kaminsky, Leonard A.
Arena, Ross
Myers, Jonathan
Venue: Mayo Clinic Proceedings
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-11
Volume: 90
Issue: 11
Pages: 1515-1523
ISSN: 0025-6196 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.026
PMC: PMC4919021
OpenAlex: W2765043188
Cited by: 461
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 2
FWCI: 43.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Mayo Clinic Proceedings (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (I01 RX000344, IK6 RX002477)
Johns Hopkins University
Ball State University
Southern Connecticut State University
National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000050)
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Medical Laboratory Technology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
Keywords: cardiorespiratory fitness, reference values, VO2max, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, treadmill exercise testing, age and sex differences
MeSH terms: Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Exercise Test, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Fitness, Reference Values, Registries, Research, Sex Factors, United States, Cohort Studies

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Reference Standards for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Measured With Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing

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