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Cited by 70Doping in SportsGrowth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth FactorsPharmacological Effects and Assays

Use of Growth Hormone, IGF-I, and Insulin for Anabolic Purpose: Pharmacological Basis, Methods of Detection, and Adverse Effects

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Anderson, Lindsey J., Tamayose, Jamie M., Garcia, Jose M.·2018·Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
DOI 10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.010PMC PMC5723243
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Abstract

Hormones with anabolic properties such as growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I), and insulin are commonly abused among professional and recreational athletes to enhance physical ability. Performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) such as these are also commonly used by recreational athletes to improve body aesthetics. The perception of increased muscle mass due to supraphysiologic hormone supplementation, or doping, is widespread among PED users despite a paucity of evidence-based data in humans. Even still, athletes will continue to abuse PEDs in hopes of replicating anecdotal results. It is important to educate the general public and potential treating physicians of the risks of PED use, including the dangers of polypharmacy and substance dependence. It will also be important for the research community to address the common challenges associated with studying PED use such as the ethical considerations of PED administration, the general reticence of the PED-using community to volunteer information, and the constant need to improve or create new detection methods as athletes continually attempt to circumvent current methods. This review highlights the anabolic mechanisms and suggestive data implicating GH, IGF-I, and insulin for use as PEDs, the specific detection methods with cutoff ranges that may be utilized to diagnose abuse of each substance, and their respective side effects.

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  • Insulin has anabolic effects on skeletal muscle, making it an appealing but potentially dangerous performance enhancing drug for recreational bodybuilders.

    “Insulin has anabolic effects on skeletal muscle, which make it an appealing but potentially dangerous performance enhancing drug for recreational bodybuilders [80].”

    From Non-Diabetic Hypoglycemia: Evaluation and Management in Adults (2025) · cites this paper as [80]

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References 134 · Cited by 70

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Authors
Anderson, L. J., Tamayose, J. M., & Garcia, J. M.
Affiliations
VA Puget Sound Health Care System (US)
ORCID
Venue
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2018-03
Volume
464
Pages
65-74
ISSN
0303-7207 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.010
PMC
PMC5723243
OpenAlex
W2622802009
Cited by
70
References
134
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8
FWCI
1.56
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (I01 CX000174, I01 BX002807)
  • University of Washington
  • National Institute on Aging (R03AG040583)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK035816, P30DK017047)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Doping in Sports
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Pharmacological Effects and Assays
Keywords
growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, insulin, performance-enhancing drugs, doping, athletes, drug detection, adverse effects, polypharmacy, substance dependence, body aesthetics
MeSH terms
Humans, Insulin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Growth Hormone, Anabolic Agents, Performance-Enhancing Substances

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