Smoking and depression
Abstract
The relationship between smoking and depression is bidirectional. Recent research has focused on nicotine's neurobiologic impact on the brain as it relates to depression. Genetic factors are also important and may account for up to 67% of smoking initiation, maintenance, and dependence. Because nicotine withdrawal may mimic and induce depression, appropriate clinical evaluation and treatment are essential to reduce the high morbidity and mortality associated with smoking and depression and maximize smoking cessation rates.
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Nicotine dependence frequently co-occurs with both depression and anxiety.
“Depression and anxiety are both highly comorbid with nicotine dependence (Paperwalla et al., 2004), and nicotine use may be an attempt at self-medication in these conditions (Markou et al., 1998).”
From Nicotinic Partial Agonists Varenicline and Sazetidine-A Have Differential Effects on Affective Behavior (2010) · cites this paper as Paperwalla et al., 2004
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References 82 · Cited by 164
- Authors
- Paperwalla, K. N., Levin, T. T., Weiner, J., & Saravay, S. M.
- Affiliations
- Zucker Hillside Hospital (US)
- Long Island Jewish Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Levin, Tomer T.
- ORCID
- Levin, Tomer T.
- Venue
- Medical Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-11
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1483-1494
- ISSN
- 0025-7125 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2035812711
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 0.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medical Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- smoking, depression, nicotine, nicotine withdrawal, bidirectional relationship, genetic factors, nicotine dependence, smoking initiation, smoking cessation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Humans, Nicotine, Risk Factors, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Nicotinic Agonists
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