CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 41Spine and Intervertebral Disc PathologyMusculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationBalance, Gait, and Falls Prevention

Objectively quantifying walking ability in degenerative spinal disorder patients using sensor equipped smart shoes

Open access
Lee, Sunghoon Ivan, Park, Eunjeong, Huang, Alex, Mortazavi, Bobak, Hayward Garst, Jordan, Jahanforouz, Nima, Espinal, Marie, Siero, Tiffany +6 more·2016·Medical Engineering & Physics
DOI 10.1016/j.medengphy.2016.02.004PMC PMC6470359
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a condition associated with the degeneration of spinal disks in the lower back. A significant majority of the elderly population experiences LSS, and the number is expected to grow. The primary objective of medical treatment for LSS patients has focused on improving functional outcomes (e.g., walking ability) and thus, an accurate, objective, and inexpensive method to evaluate patients' functional levels is in great need. This paper aims to quantify the functional level of LSS patients by analyzing their clinical information and their walking ability from a 10 m self-paced walking test using a pair of sensorized shoes. Machine learning algorithms were used to estimate the Oswestry Disability Index, a clinically well-established functional outcome, from a total of 29 LSS patients. The estimated ODI scores showed a significant correlation to the reported ODI scores with a Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of 0.81 and p<3.5×10(-11). It was further shown that the data extracted from the sensorized shoes contribute most to the reported estimation results, and that the contribution of the clinical information was minimal. This study enables new research and clinical opportunities for monitoring the functional level of LSS patients in hospital and ambulatory settings.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.medengphy.2016.02.004

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Intraocular pressure can be monitored through measuring the forces acting on the contact lenses to manage glaucoma.

    “Intraocular pressure can be monitored though measuring the forces acting on the contact lenses to manage glaucoma.”

    From Wearables in Medicine (2018) · cites this paper as [49]

    The Materials > Sensory Platform passage describes pressure sensors in shoe insoles, and the Conclusion discusses monitoring walking ability in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Searches for intraocular pressure, contact lenses, glaucoma, and forces acting on contact lenses found no passage addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Ocular diagnostic devices have undergone rapid development over the last decade.

    “Ocular diagnostic devices have undergone rapid development over the last decade.49”

    From Wearables in Medicine (2018) · cites this paper as [49]

    The Discussion and Conclusion describe sensor-equipped shoes for assessing walking ability in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis; no page numbers are available in our copy. Searches for ocular diagnostic devices, ophthalmic devices, and development over the last decade found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 27

  1. [1]Katz JN, Harris MB, Lumbar spinal stenosis, New England Journal of Medicine 358 (8) (2008) 818– 825. 18287604
  2. [2]Stucki G, Daltroy L, Liang MH, Lipson SJ, Fossel AH, Katz JN, Measurement properties of a self-administered outcome measure in lumbar spinal stenosis, Spine 21 (7) (1996) 796– 803. 8779009
  3. [3]Rainville J, Childs LA, Pea EB, Suri P, Limke JC, Jouve C, Hunter DJ, Quantification of walking ability in subjects with neurogenic claudication from lumbar spinal stenosisa comparative study, The Spine Journal 12 (2) (2012) 101– 109. 22209240 PMC3315838
  4. [4]Jackson RP, McManus AC, Moore J, Lumbar spinal stenosis: treatment options for an aging population, Mo Med 109 (6) (2012) 466– 469. 23362650 PMC6179593
  5. [5]Porter RW, Spinal stenosis and neurogenic claudication, Spine 21 (17) (1996) 2046– 2052. 8883210
  6. [6]Conway J, Tomkins CC, Haig AJ, Walking assessment in people with lumbar spinal stenosis: capacity, performance, and self-report measures, The Spine Journal 11 (9) (2011) 816– 823. 21145292 PMC3136653
  7. [7]Tomkins-Lane CC, Conway J, Hepler C, Haig AJ, Changes in objectively measured physical activity (performance) after epidural steroid injection for lumbar spinal stenosis, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 93 (11) (2012) 2008– 2014. 22659537
  8. [8]Deyo R, Mirza SK, Martin BI, Kreuter W, Goodman DC, Jarvik JG, Trends, major medical complications, and charges associated with surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis in older adults, JAMA 303 (13) (2010) 1259– 1265. 20371784 PMC2885954
  9. [9]Tuli SK, Yerby SA, Katz JN, Methodological approaches to developing criteria for improvement in lumbar spinal stenosis surgery, Spineopi 31 (11) (2006) 1276– 1280. 16688044
  10. [10]Pratt RK, Fairbank JC, Virr A, The reliability of the Shuttle Walking Test, the Swiss Spinal Stenosis Questionnaire, the Oxford Spinal Stenosis Score, and the Oswestry Disability Index in the assessment of patients with lumbar spinal stenosis, Spine 27 (2002) 84– 91. 11805642
  11. [11]Tomkins-Lane CC, Batti MC, Macedo LG, Longitudinal construct validity and responsiveness of measures of walking capacity in individuals with lumbar spinal stenosis, The Spine Journal 14 (9) (2014) 1936– 1943. 24291033
  12. [12]Fairbank J, Pynsent PB, The Oswestry Disability Index, Spine 25 (22) (2000) 2940– 2953. 11074683
  13. [13]Kopec JA, Measuring functional outcomes in persons with back pain: a review of back-specific questionnaires, Spine 15 (2000) 3110– 3114. 11124726
  14. [14]Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., IEEE Std. 802.15.4–2003 wireless medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for low rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs), IEEE Press.
  15. [16]Finkelstein JA, Response shift following surgery of the lumbar spine, Master’s thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (2010).
  16. [17]Knutsson B, Sandn B, Sjdn G, Jrvholm B, Michalsson K, Body mass index and risk for clinical lumbar spinal stenosis: A cohort study, Spine 40 (18) (9 2015) 14511456. 26165225
  17. [18]Sobottke R, Herren C, Siewe J, Mannion A, Rder C, Aghayev E, Predictors of improvement in quality of life and pain relief in lumbar spinal stenosis relative to patient age: a study based on the spine tango registry, European Spine Journal (2015) 1– 11. 26138216
  18. [19]Sigmundsson FG, Kang XP, Jnsson B, Strmqvist B, Prognostic factors in lumbar spinal stenosis surgery, Acta Orthopaedica 83 (5) (2012) 536– 542. 23083437 PMC3488183
  19. [20]Sandn B, Forsth P, Michaelsson K, Smokers show less improvement than nonsmokers two years after surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis: A study of 4555 patients from the swedish spine register, Spine 36 (13) (6 2011) 10591064. 21224770
  20. [21]Robinson RO, Herzog W, Nigg BM, Use of force platform variables to quantify the effects of chiropractic manipulation on gait symmetry, Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 10 (1) (1987) 172– 176. 2958572
  21. [23]Ustun B, Melssen W, Buydens L, Facilitating the application of support vector regression by using a universal Pearson VII function based kernel, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 81 (1) (2006) 29– 40.
  22. [24]Shevade S, Keerthi S, Bhattacharyya C, Murthy K, Improvements to the SMO algorithm for SVM regression, Neural Networks, IEEE Transactions on 11 (5) (2000) 1188– 1193. 18249845
  23. [26]Bezdek J, Pal N, Some new indexes of cluster validity, Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics, IEEE Transactions on 28 (3) (1998) 301– 315. 18255949
  24. [27]Witten IH, Frank E, Hall MA (Eds.), Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques, 3rd Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, Boston, 2011.
  25. [29]Hall MA, Correlation-based feature subset selection for machine learning, Ph.D. thesis, University of Waikato (1998).
  26. [30]Chang C-C, Lin C-J, LIBSVM: A library for support Vector machines, ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology 2 (2011) 27:1– 27:27, software available at htttp://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/cjlin/libsvm.
  27. [31]Tomkins CC, Battie MC, Rogers T, Jiang H, Petersen S, A criterion measure of walking capacity in lumbar spinal stenosis and its comparison with a treadmill protocol, Spine 34 (22) (2009) 2444– 2449. 19829259

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Lee, S. I., Park, E., Huang, A., Mortazavi, B., Hayward Garst, J., Jahanforouz, N., Espinal, M., Siero, T., Pollack, S., Afridi, M., Daneshvar, M., Ghias, S., C. Lu, D., & Sarrafzadeh, M.
Affiliations
  • Harvard University (US)
  • University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author
Lee, Sunghoon Ivan
ORCID
Venue
Medical Engineering & Physics
Publisher
IOP Publishing
Published
2016-03-09
Volume
38
Issue
5
Pages
442-449
ISSN
  • 1350-4533 (ISSN-L)
  • 1873-4030
DOI
10.1016/j.medengphy.2016.02.004
PMC
PMC6470359
OpenAlex
W2293431684
Cited by
41
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1
FWCI
3.03
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Medical Engineering & Physics (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
  • YUHSpace (Yonsei University Medical Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • NCATS
  • UCLA (IRB# 12–000009)
  • CTSI (UL1TR000124)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
Keywords
lumbar spinal stenosis, walking ability, wearable sensors, Oswestry Disability Index, functional outcome assessment, machine learning prediction, elderly patients
MeSH terms
Machine Learning, Adult, Aged, Female, Gait, Humans, Lumbar Vertebrae, Male, Middle Aged, Monitoring, Physiologic, Postoperative Period, Pressure, Shoes, Spinal Stenosis, Walking, Preoperative Period, Spatio-Temporal Analysis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review