The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Segment anything model for medical image analysis: An experimental study
Open accessAbstract
Training segmentation models for medical images continues to be challenging due to the limited availability of data annotations. Segment Anything Model (SAM) is a foundation model trained on over 1 billion annotations, predominantly for natural images, that is intended to segment user-defined objects of interest in an interactive manner. While the model performance on natural images is impressive, medical image domains pose their own set of challenges. Here, we perform an extensive evaluation of SAM’s ability to segment medical images on a collection of 19 medical imaging datasets from various modalities and anatomies. In our experiments, we generated point and box prompts for SAM using a standard method that simulates interactive segmentation. We report the following findings: (1) SAM’s performance based on single prompts highly varies depending on the dataset and the task, from IoU=0.1135 for spine MRI to IoU=0.8650 for hip X-ray. (2) Segmentation performance appears to be better for well-circumscribed objects with prompts with less ambiguity such as the segmentation of organs in computed tomography and poorer in various other scenarios such as the segmentation of brain tumors. (3) SAM performs notably better with box prompts than with point prompts. (4) SAM outperforms similar methods RITM, SimpleClick, and FocalClick in almost all single-point prompt settings. (5) When multiple-point prompts are provided iteratively, SAM’s performance generally improves only slightly while other methods’ performance improves to the level that surpasses SAM’s point-based performance. We also provide several illustrations for SAM’s performance on all tested datasets, iterative segmentation, and SAM’s behavior given prompt ambiguity. We conclude that SAM shows impressive zero-shot segmentation performance for certain medical imaging datasets, but moderate to poor performance for others. SAM has the potential to make a significant impact in automated medical image segmentation in medical imaging, but appropriate care needs to be applied when using it. Code for evaluation SAM is made publicly available at https://github.com/mazurowski-lab/segment-anything-medical-evaluation.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This experimental study evaluates the Segment Anything Model (SAM) for zero-shot medical image segmentation across 19 public datasets and 28 tasks. SAM shows highly variable performance, performs best with box prompts, and beats RITM/SimpleClick/FocalClick in most single-point settings, but gains little from iterative point prompts and remains moderate-to-poor on many medical tasks.
Key findings
- SAM’s single-prompt performance varied widely by dataset/task, from IoU=0.1135 for spine MRI to IoU=0.8650 for hip X-ray in the abstract; the Results section reports a range from IoU=0.1136 to IoU=0.9118.
- Box prompts were clearly superior to point prompts. Mode 4 (one box per object part) had the best average performance at IoU=0.6542; Mode 3 (single box around the entire object) averaged IoU=0.5891.
- SAM outperformed RITM, SimpleClick, and FocalClick on 24 of 28 tasks with a single non-iterative point prompt, and on 26 of 28 in oracle mode. Average IoU was 0.4595 for SAM, 0.5137 for SAM oracle, 0.2240 for FocalClick, 0.1910 for SimpleClick, and 0.1322 for RITM.
- With iterative point prompts, SAM improved only slightly and was surpassed by SimpleClick and RITM when five or more points were provided. The correlation between average object size and SAM performance was small and non-statistically significant.
Methods
- The authors curated 19 publicly available radiological medical imaging datasets covering X-ray, MRI, CT, ultrasound, and PET, yielding 28 segmentation tasks; for 3D modalities, 2D slices were used as inputs.
- They evaluated five non-iterative prompting modes using points or boxes, iterative point prompting guided by an error map, “segment everything” mode, and prompt ambiguity/oracle outputs.
- Performance was measured with IoU against ground-truth masks, using SAM’s highest-confidence mask; SAM was compared with RITM, SimpleClick, and FocalClick.
Limitations
- The paper states that text-based prompting is not commented on because it remains proof-of-concept, and that “segment everything” mode is not elaborated on. It also states future work should include prompt engineering and extension to 3D segmentation.
- The text makes evident that the study focuses on radiological images and uses 2D slices for 3D modalities, which may not reflect full 3D medical segmentation performance.
- The paper states that oracle performance assumes knowledge of the true mask and is biased when there is no additional user interaction after initial prompts; iterative prompting also uses the oracle prediction to guide the next prompt.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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12 Own result · 5 No basis given · 2 Own interpretation · 1 Not checked yet · 1 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(1) SAM's performance based on single prompts highly varies depending on the dataset and the task, from IoU=0.1135 for spine MRI to IoU=0.8650 for hip X-ray.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(3) SAM performs notably better with box prompts than with point prompts.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When used in oracle mode, SAM was better than all other methods for 26 out of 28 tasks.”
§ 3. Results > 3.2. Comparing SAM to other interactive segmen-
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, as expected, prompts where each sep- arate part of the object is indicated separately are generally superior to those where only one part is indicated, or all parts are outlined in one box.”
§ 3. Results > 3.1. Performance of SAM for different modes of use
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This figure illustrates a high variability of SAM's performance ranging from near- perfect for well-circumscribed objects with unambiguous prompts to very poor, particularly for objects with ambigu- ous prompts.”
§ 3. Results > 3.1. Performance of SAM for different modes of use
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If SAM used Mode 3 (single box), it outperformed all other methods in all but one task.”
§ 3. Results > 3.2. Comparing SAM to other interactive segmen-
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These modes also showed different performances in such scenarios.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Following these two trends, Mode 4, where each part of an object is indicated by a separate box, showed the best performance with an average IoU of 0.6542.”
§ 3. Results > 3.1. Performance of SAM for different modes of use
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The magnitude of this improvement was highly dependent on the dataset.”
§ 3. Results > 3.1. Performance of SAM for different modes of use
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the oracle mode showed a moderate im- provement over the default mode.”
§ 3. Results > 3.1. Performance of SAM for different modes of use
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 5
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We find that this mode provides mixed usefulness and that the results are somewhat dependent on the number of prompts.”
§ 3. Results > 3.6. Segment-everything mode for medical images
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is due to the fact that SAM does not appear to draw hardly any benefits from additional information provided through the interactive points after two or three points have been provided.”
§ 3. Results > 3.3. Performance of SAM and other methods for
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some datasets also showed high variability of object size within the dataset itself (e.g., kidneys in ultrasound images) while others showed relative consistency of object size (such as bones in hip X-ray images).”
§ 3. Results > 3.5. Performance of SAM for objects of different
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, SAM shows promise for use in medical images, as long as suitable prompting strategies are used for the dataset and task of choice.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that the correlation analysis looks at average object sizes in the image and does not consider the variation of object sizes in the individual datasets.”
§ 3. Results > 3.5. Performance of SAM for objects of different
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The recently developed Segment Anything Model is a foundation model that has achieved promising zero-shot segmentation performance on a variety of natural image datasets [18].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Jang, J., Hwang, D., 2022. M3T: Three-dimensional Medical image classifier using Multi-plane and Multi-slice Transformer. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 20718–20729. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
Claims other papers make about this one
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In the citing paper
“Most previous studies (Ji et al., 2023a; Mazurowski et al., 2023; Zhou et al., 2023) evaluated SAM with limited or even only one type of testing mode / strategy.”
From Segment anything model for medical images? (2024) · cites this paper as Mazurowski et al., 2023
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Thus, the correlation between SAM's segmentation performance and medical objects' attributes has not been conducted carefully (He et al., 2023; Mazurowski et al., 2023; Ma and Wang, 2023).”
From Segment anything model for medical images? (2024) · cites this paper as Mazurowski et al., 2023
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For example, the concurrent studies22,23 conducted a comprehensive assessment of SAM across a diverse array of medical images, underscoring that SAM achieved satisfactory segmentation outcomes primarily on targets characterized by distinct boundaries. However, the model exhibited substantial limitations in segmenting typical medical targets with weak boundaries or low contrast.”
From Segment anything in medical images (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 3. Results > 3.1. Performance of SAM for different modes of use
“Mode 4, where each part of an object is indicated by a separate box”
§ C. Performance of other competing methods
“M od e 2: 1 b ox a t e ac h re gi on”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 2. Methodology > 2.1. Datasets
“We compiled and curated a set of 19 publicly available medical imaging datasets for image segmentation.”
§ C. Performance of other competing methods
“18 m ed ic al im ag in g da ta se ts”
Citations
Cites
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“Based on the framework proposed by RITM, SimpleClick replaced the HRNet-18 backbone in RITM with a plain-ViT [9] and included a “click embedding” layer symmetric to patch embedding.”
MethodThe multimodal brain tumor image segmentation benchmark (BRATS)
Menze, B. H., Jakab, A., Bauer, S., Kalpathy-Cramer, J., Farahani, K., Kirby, J., Burren, Y., Porz, N., Slotboom, J., Wiest, R., et al. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2014.2377694 · Cited by 6,781 · cited 1×
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BackgroundSegFormer: Simple and Efficient Design for Semantic Segmentation with Transformers
Xie, E., Wang, W., Yu, Z., Anandkumar, A., Alvarez, J. M., & Luo, P. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2105.15203 · Cited by 5,090 · cited 2×
“Fo-calClick replaced the HRNet-18 backbone in RITM with a SegFormer [37] and restricted the update responding to new clicks to occur only as local.”
MethodDeep High-Resolution Representation Learning for Visual Recognition
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“RITM adopted HRNet-18 [36] as the backbone segmentation model and an iterative mask correction approach based on the { previous mask, new click } set to achieve outstanding performance on multiple natural imaging datasets.”
MethodSegment anything in medical images
Ma, J., He, Y., Li, F., Han, L., You, C., & Wang, B. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-44824-z · Cited by 2,913
Dataset of breast ultrasound images
Al-Dhabyani, W., Gomaa, M., Khaled, H., & Fahmy, A. (2020) · Data in Brief · doi:10.1016/j.dib.2019.104863 · Cited by 2,405 · cited 1×
“US-Breast Dataset of Breast Ultrasound Images [2] Ultrasound 1 Breast 780”
Current Methods in Medical Image Segmentation
Pham, D. L., Xu, C., & Prince, J. L. (2000) · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.315 · Cited by 2,352 · cited 1×
“Image segmentation is a central task in medical image analysis, ranging from the segmentation of organs [17], abnormalities [3], bones [8], and others [13].”
BackgroundDeep Learning Techniques for Medical Image Segmentation: Achievements and Challenges
Hesamian, M. H., Jia, W., He, X., & Kennedy, P. J. (2019) · Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10278-019-00227-x · Cited by 1,710 · cited 1×
“Deep learning has dramatically altered how task is performed and brought significant performance improvements in many domains [6, 15].”
BackgroundMedical image analysis using convolutional neural networks: a review
Anwar, S. M., Majid, M., Qayyum, A., Awais, M., Alnowami, M., & Khan, M. K. (2018) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-018-1088-1 · Cited by 1,431 · cited 1×
“Image segmentation is a central task in medical image analysis, ranging from the segmentation of organs [17], abnormalities [3], bones [8], and others [13].”
BackgroundThe Liver Tumor Segmentation Benchmark (LiTS)
Bilic, P., Christ, P., Li, H. B., Vorontsov, E., Ben-Cohen, A., Kaissis, G., Szeskin, A., Jacobs, C., Mamani, G. E. H., Chartrand, G., et al. (2023) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2022.102680 · Cited by 1,412 · cited 1×
“CT-Liver The Liver Tumor Segmentation Benchmark (LiTS) [4] CT 1 Liver 5,501”
Background
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- Bradski, 2000, The OpenCV Library, Dr. Dobb’s J. Softw. Tools
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Guo, C., Jin, Y., Tao, B., Li, J., Dai, H., & Li, P. (2025) · The Visual Computer · doi:10.1007/s00371-025-04092-4 · Cited by 1
Detailed Health Monitoring of Large-Scale Urban Infrastructure by Combining Optical and SAR Images
He, Y., Niu, L., Zhang, G., et al. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3592033 · Cited by 1
Field roads passable area recognition via multi-sensor fusion based on segment anything model
Yang, L., Li, Y., Guo, X. R., et al. (2025) · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.compag.2025.110685 · Cited by 1
Deepika, P., Shanker, G., Narayanan, R., & Sundaresan, V. (2025) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.110806 · Cited by 1
CMCNet:Cross-directional morphology-aware convolution network for chest X-ray anatomy segmentation
Huang, L., Feng, Y., Zhao, X., Li, C., & Tang, J. (2025) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2025.131112 · Cited by 1
Deep learning-based quantitative assessment of renal chronicity indices in lupus nephritis
Tu, T., Wang, H., Jiangbo, P. E. I., et al. (2025) · Annals of Diagnostic Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2025.152537 · Cited by 1
Lü, J., Alae, M., Fu, G., et al. (2025) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2025.118798 · Cited by 1
RadSAM: Segmenting 3D Radiological Images with a 2D Promptable Model
Khlaut, J., Ferreres, É., Tordjman, D., Philippe, H., Boeken, T., Manceron, P., & Dancette, C. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-04965-0_41 · Cited by 2
Cycle Context Verification for In-Context Medical Image Segmentation
Hu, S., Liao, Z., Zhen, L., Fu, H., & Xia, Y. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-04927-8_14 · Cited by 1
Improving lesion segmentation in medical images by global and regional feature compensation
Wang, C., Chen, Z., Yang, J. Y. H., & Kim, J. (2025) · Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2025.112461 · Cited by 1
Self-citationA Segment Anything Model for Melon Pruning Based on Diameter
Alfiaturrohmah, F., & Sudianto, S. (2025) · Engineering Technology & Applied Science Research · doi:10.48084/etasr.12207 · Cited by 1
Foundation Model for Medical Imaging: A Comprehensive Review
Jiao, L., Yang, J., Li, R., Liu, F., Liu, X., Chen, P., Guo, Y., Li, L., Shang, R., & Ma, W. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tai.2025.3618796 · Cited by 4
Self-citationLawal, M., & Yi, D. (2025) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2025.108858 · Cited by 2
Drakeley, L. J., Racz, M. G., Siam, U. T., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.ady2927 · Cited by 1
Zero-Shot SAM for Food Image Segmentation
Alahmari, S. S., Gardner, M. R., & Salem, T. (2025) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics14214316 · Cited by 2
Enhancing few-shot segmentation via mask combination learning
Li, S., Liu, F., Jiao, L., Gou, X., Li, L., Liu, X., & Chen, P. (2025) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2025.132001 · Cited by 3
Liu, Z., Ма, Л., Hong, H., Wang, L., Zhu, Y., & Shi, Y. (2025) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2025.109104 · Cited by 2
Kockwelp, J., Kliesch, S., Gromoll, J., Wistuba, J., & Risse, B. (2025) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.111270 · Cited by 1
BoxCell: Leveraging SAM for Cell Segmentation with Box Supervision
Tyagi, A. K., Mishra, V., Prathosh, A. P., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-26789-1 · Cited by 1
Витальевич, Ч. А., Pleshakova, E., & Gataullin, S. T. (2025) · Algorithms · doi:10.3390/a18120735 · Cited by 16
Go, S., Chae, J., Kim, U., Lim, J., Kim, J., Hogg, S., Trucco, E., Park, S. J., & Lee, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-25421-6 · Cited by 1
The Role of Segment Anything Model (SAM) In Medical Image Segmentation: A Comprehensive Review
Rabieizad, N., & Nourbakhsh, A. (2025) · doi:10.1109/ipria68579.2025.11263558 · Cited by 1
Voutyritsa, E., Oikonomou, A., Bolis, G., Papageorgiou, V., Vougiatzi, A. S., & Hatzakis, N. S. (2025) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.5c16748 · Cited by 2
Balanced sampling-driven multi-modal active learning framework for breast cancer segmentation
Yang, A., Li, J., Qin, N., Huang, D., Song, X., Shu, J., & Xu, L. (2025) · Machine Vision and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00138-025-01775-9 · Cited by 1
Foundation Models for Zero-Shot Segmentation of Scientific Images without AI-Ready Data
Mukherjee, S., Lang, J. T., Kwon, O., Zenyuk, I. V., Brogden, V., Weber, A. Z., & Ushizima, D. M. (2025) · International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops (ICPPW) · doi:10.1145/3750720.3757283 · Cited by 1
MFR‐UNet: A Medical Image Segmentation Network With Fused Multi‐Scale Feature Refinement
Wang, S., Shi, G., Sun, S., et al. (2025) · IET Systems Biology · doi:10.1049/syb2.70049 · Cited by 1
Self-citationBoosting Segment Anything Model to Generalize Visually Non-Salient Scenarios
Guo, G., Chen, P., Guo, Y., et al. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2026.3651951 · Cited by 1
Duan, S., Xiao, Z., Sun, J., et al. (2025) · Biomedical Instrumentation · doi:10.1016/j.bmi.2026.100028 · Cited by 1
MedCDA: Counterfactual Data Augmentation for Medical Image Analysis
Yao, K., & Zhao, J. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-5631-1_32 · Cited by 1
Rapid flood mapping from aerial imagery using fine-tuned SAM and ResNet-backboned U-Net
Shokati, H., Seufferheld, K. D., Fiener, P., et al. (2026) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-30-743-2026 · Cited by 1
Closed loop text guided framework for lung cancer lesion segmentation and quantification
Wang, S., Wang, Z., Men, W., Song, Z., Hu, D., Liu, T., Wang, B., Kong, D., Li, X., Ren, K., et al. (2026) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02422-x · Cited by 1
Krishnan, C., Onuoha, E. E., Hung, A., Sung, K., & Kim, H. (2026) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-026-03522-2 · Cited by 1
TAGS: 3D Tumor-Adaptive Guidance for SAM
Li, S., Peng, L., Zhang, Z., Durak, G., & Bağcı, U. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops · doi:10.1109/iccvw69036.2025.00457 · Cited by 2
Wang, W., Zhang, P., Alomari, S. A., et al. (2026) · Journal of Bionic Engineering · doi:10.1007/s42235-026-00848-3 · Cited by 1
Ying, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhao, X., Gao, T., Li, A., Huang, X., & Song, G. (2026) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110042 · Cited by 2
Practical application of SAM for breast nodules segmentation
Fan, W., Li, A., Xu, M., Sun, W., & Man, F. (2026) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1756011 · Cited by 1
Benchmarking Semantic Segmentation Models via Appearance and Geometry Attribute Editing
Yin, Z., Li, B., Liang, K., Sun, H., He, Z., Ma, Z., & Guo, J. H. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2026.3674640 · Cited by 2
DBM-SAM: Dual-branch multiscale adaptation of SAM for medical ultrasound segmentation
Gao, W., Li, T., Jiang, C., et al. (2026) · Displays · doi:10.1016/j.displa.2026.103446 · Cited by 1
Yousef, E. M., Bolgova, O., Yaqinuddin, A., et al. (2026) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.70209 · Cited by 1
Robust lesion segmentation based on segment anything model
Gu, Y., Shu, H., Li, B., & Chen, Y. (2026) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110156 · Cited by 1
AI LabelMate: A Context-Aware Annotation Agent for Reducing Semantic Fragmentation
Patil, A., Mikulski, D., Mwakalonge, J., et al. (2026) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/2026-01-0261 · Cited by 1
Tongue Image Segmentation Using YOLOv11-based Object Detection and Mobile Segment Anything Model
Liu, Y., Fan, H., Wang, S., et al. (2026) · 2026 6th International Conference on Neural Networks, Information and Communication Engineering (NNICE) · doi:10.1109/nnice68970.2026.11466198
HSRD-Net: A hybrid RemoteSAM-ResNet with dynamic weight assignment for SAR oil spill detection
Guo, S., Li, Y., Zhang, Z., et al. (2026) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132384 · Cited by 1
Deep Learning for Cardiac Image Analysis
van der Zande, J. L., Alvarez-Florez, L., Volleberg, R. H. J. A., Brás, C., Karkalousos, D., Nijveldt, R., van Royen, N., Leiner, T., Khalili, N., Litjens, G., et al. (2026) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2026.03.007 · Cited by 1
Inter2Former: Dynamic Hybrid Attention for Efficient High-Precision Interactive Segmentation
You, H., Chen, L., Ji, J., Cao, L., Zhang, S. Q., & Ji, R. (2025) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv51701.2025.01843 · Cited by 1
ColorSAM: teaching SAM to segment color medical images via quaternion decoding and prompt generation
Zhan, B., Wang, F., Song, E., & Zhang, R. (2026) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132857 · Cited by 1
FMIR, A Foundation Model-Based Image Registration Framework for Robust Image Registration
Zhang, F., He, Y., Liu, Q., et al. (2026) · IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) · doi:10.1109/isbi61048.2026.11515621 · Cited by 1
Empowering healthcare 5.0 with deep learning: techniques, trends, and future directions
Maji, P. K., Chakraborty, S., Sadiq, A., Basu, S., & Ghosh, K. (2026) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-026-11593-8 · Cited by 1
Ma, T., Qu, Y., Guan, C., et al. (2026) · Aggregate · doi:10.1002/agt2.70372 · Cited by 1
Segment Anything Model for medical image segmentation: A review
Xiao, H., Liu, S., Liu, X., Qian, L., & Jiang, J. (2026) · Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics · doi:10.1016/j.compmedimag.2026.102789 · Cited by 2
Artificial intelligence for triple-negative breast cancer from imaging to multi-omics
Peng, X., Zhou, X., Feng, X., Fang, N., Xiaoya, D., Hong, W., Li, T., Li, R., & Nasrudin, M. F. (2026) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1834128 · Cited by 6
Zhao, F., Xue, F., Wang, J., Yi, J., Zhang, D., Liu, Y., Shao, X., Chen, Y., Song, J., Li, N., et al. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/tgrs.2026.3713313 · Cited by 3
Uddin, M. S., Yi, V., Zhang, H., et al. (2023) · IEEE Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON) · doi:10.1109/uemcon59035.2023.10315982 · Cited by 1
Customizing SAM for histologic image segmentation of kidney biopsy by a detector approach: det-SAM
Ning, X., Ni, Y. Q., Liang, K., et al. (2023) · International Conference on Cyber-Enabled Distributed Computing and Knowledge Discovery (CyberC) · doi:10.1109/cyberc58899.2023.00044 · Cited by 1
Refining boundaries of the segment anything model in medical images using an active contour model
Nakhaei, N., Zhang, T., Terzopoulos, D., & Hsu, W. W. Y. (2024) · SPIE Medical Imaging: Computer-Aided Diagnosis · doi:10.1117/12.3006255 · Cited by 1
A review of SAM-based visual semantic segmentation
Ma, N., Li, S., Xiao, C., Wang, M., Sun, B., & Zhang, M. (2023) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Human-Computer Interaction and Robotics (AIHCIR) · doi:10.1109/aihcir61661.2023.00087 · Cited by 1
LocalStyleFool: Regional Video Style Transfer Attack Using Segment Anything Model
Cao, Y., Li, J., Xiao, X., Wang, D., Xue, M., Ge, H., Liu, W., & Hu, G. (2024) · IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW) · doi:10.1109/spw63631.2024.00010 · Cited by 1
Segmentation of Railway Rails Using SAM
Sevi, M., Aydın, İ., & ŞENER, T. K. (2023) · International Conference on Data Analytics for Business and Industry (ICDABI) · doi:10.1109/icdabi60145.2023.10629571 · Cited by 1
Weld image segmentation in industrial smoke scene
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A Deep Learning Ensemble-Based Approach for Cine MRI Segmentation and Classification Pipeline
Banerjee, S., & Annamalai, R. (2024) · International Conference on Image Processing and Capsule Networks (ICIPCN) · doi:10.1109/icipcn63822.2024.00025 · Cited by 1
Leveraging SAM and Learnable Prompts for Pancreatic MRI Segmentation
Castelle, C. D., Spampinato, F., Salanitri, F. P., et al. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73483-0_3 · Cited by 1
Optimal Prompting in SAM for Few-Shot and Weakly Supervised Medical Image Segmentation
Siblini, L., Andrade-Miranda, G. X., Taguelmimt, K., Visvikis, D., & Bert, J. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73471-7_11 · Cited by 3
Zhang, J., Wan, T., MacDonald, M. E., et al. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72069-7_41 · Cited by 1
When segment anything model meets inventorying of roadway assets
Zhang, C., Huang, S., & Qin, R. (2024) · International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.ijtst.2024.10.005 · Cited by 2
Lee, D., Kim, J., & Kim, Y. (2024) · 대한원격탐사학회지 · doi:10.7780/kjrs.2024.40.5.1.11 · Cited by 1
A Generalized Geodesic Voting Framework for Interactive Image Segmentation
Zhou, S., Liu, H., Liu, L., et al. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3502832 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Mazurowski, M. A., Dong, H., Gu, H., Yang, J., Konz, N., & Zhang, Y.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dong, Haoyu
- Venue
- Medical Image Analysis
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-10
- Volume
- 89
- Pages
- 102918
- ISSN
- 1361-8415 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10528428
- OpenAlex
- W4385481295
- Semantic Scholar
- c6ac64877b2bcac2389be4d91a62dea8c6f73844
- Cited by
- 802
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 194 · 2025: 315 · 2024: 242 · 2023: 51
- FWCI
- 72.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 320 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Medical Image Analysis (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R44HL152825)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB031575)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Medical Image Segmentation Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
- Keywords
- Segment Anything Model, medical image segmentation, zero-shot segmentation, interactive segmentation, point prompts, iterative segmentation, brain tumor segmentation, organ segmentation, medical imaging modalities, foundation models
- MeSH terms
- Brain Neoplasms, Humans, S-Adenosylmethionine, Tomography, X-Ray Computed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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