The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Design and evaluation of antibacterials crosslinked chitosan nanoparticle as a novel carrier for the delivery of metronidazole to treat bacterial vaginosis
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a recurring, chronic infection that is difficult to treat due to the limited bioavailability of antimicrobials within vaginal epithelial cells. Vaginal administration, because of lower dosing and systemic exposure offers a viable option for treating vaginal infections. In this study, Metronidazole-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were synthesised employing borax (BX) or tannic acid (TA) as an antimicrobial crosslinking agent for treating BV. The prepared NPs were characterized for various physical, physicochemical, pharmaceutical, thermal and antibacterial properties. Morphological investigation revealed that nanoparticles prepared from 0.5 % w/v chitosan, 1.2 % w/v BX, and 0.4 % w/v metronidazole (MTZ) were non-spherical, with particle sizes of 377.4 ± 37.3 nm and a zeta potential of 34 ± 2.1 mV. The optimised formulation has MIC values of 24 ± 0.5 and 59 ± 0.5 μg/mL, against Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Candida albicans (C.albicans) respectively. The results of DSC and XRD demonstrated no change in the physical state of the drug in the finished formulation. Under simulated vaginal fluid, the optimised formulation demonstrates a cumulative drug release of about 90 % within 6h. The prepared borax crosslinked NPs exhibit anti-fungal activities by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis. The in-vivo antibacterial data indicated a comparable reduction in bacterial count compared to the marketed formulation in female Swiss albino mice treated with optimised nanoparticles. According to histopathological findings, the prepared nanoparticle was safe for vaginal use. Based on the experimental findings, it was concluded that MBCSNPs, due to their good physiochemical and antimicrobial properties, could serve as a potential topical alternative for treating BV and reducing fungal infection.
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“Particularly relevant for mucosal delivery, chitosan‐based nanoparticles, derived from the deacetylation of chitin, combine low toxicity, biocompatibility, and intrinsic antimicrobial properties with strong mucoadhesive capacity, thereby prolonging retention at the site of infection and facilitating localized drug release [31].”
From Statins as Antifungal Agents: A Review on Drug Repurposing and Nanotechnology-Driven Delivery Strategies (2025) · cites this paper as [31]
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Chitosan and Its Nanoparticles: A Multifaceted Approach to Antibacterial Applications
Akdaşçi, E., Duman, H., Eker, F., Bechelany, M., & Karav, S. (2025) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano15020126 · Cited by 99
Tamil Mani Subi, M., Selvasudha, N., & Vasanthi, H. R. (2024) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104012 · Cited by 33
Applications of Chitosan in Prevention and Treatment Strategies of Infectious Diseases
Sinani, G., Sessevmez, M., & Şenel, S. (2024) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics16091201 · Cited by 31
Harini, A., & Ilaiyaraja, P. (2025) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d5ra01788b · Cited by 24
Satpathy, B., Rajwar, T. K., Mishra, A. K., Saha, I., Rai, V. K., Sahoo, R. K., Halder, J., Mahanty, R., Manoharadas, S., Al‐Tamimi, J., et al. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-05137-4 · Cited by 19
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Nayak, R., Halder, J., Rajwar, T. K., Pradhan, D., Dash, P., Das, C., Rai, V. K., Kar, B., Ghosh, G., & Rath, G.
- Affiliations
- Siksha O Anusandhan University (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Rath, Goutam
- ORCID
- Venue
- Microbial Pathogenesis
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-01
- Volume
- 186
- Pages
- 106494
- ISSN
- 0882-4010 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4389410287
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6
- FWCI
- 1.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Microbial Pathogenesis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India (BT/INF/22/SP45078/2022)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
- Keywords
- bacterial vaginosis, chitosan nanoparticles, metronidazole, borax crosslinking, tannic acid crosslinking, vaginal drug delivery, antibacterial nanoparticles, antifungal activity, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, nanoparticle safety
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Borates, Drug Carriers, Female, Humans, Metronidazole, Particle Size, Vaginosis, Bacterial, Chitosan, Mice, Nanoparticles, Polyphenols
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- The paper
- Nayak, R., Halder, J., Rajwar, T. K., Pradhan, D., Dash, P., Das, C., Rai, V. K., Kar, B., Ghosh, G., & Rath, G. (2024). Design and evaluation of antibacterials crosslinked chitosan nanoparticle as a novel carrier for the delivery of metronidazole to treat bacterial vaginosis. Microbial Pathogenesis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106494
