OutFOXOing disease and disability: the therapeutic potential of targeting FoxO proteins
Open accessAbstract
Forkhead transcription factors have a 'winged helix' domain and regulate processes that range from cell longevity to cell death. Of the mammalian forkhead family members in the O class, FoxO1, FoxO3a and FoxO4 can fill a crucial void for the treatment of disorders that include aging, cancer, diabetes, infertility, neurodegeneration and immune system dysfunction. Yet, observations that forkhead family members also can compromise clinical utility have fueled controversy and highlight the necessity to further outline the integrated cellular pathways governed by these transcription factors. Here we discuss recent advances that have elucidated the unique cellular pathways and clinical potential of targeting FoxO proteins to develop novel therapeutic strategies and avert potential pitfalls that might be closely intertwined with its benefits for patient care.
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Apoptosis in cells involves both an early phase consisting of exposure of membrane PS residues and a late phase involving destruction of genomic DNA.
“Apoptosis in cells involves both an early phase consisting of the exposure of membrane PS residues and a late phase that involves the destruction of genomic DNA [23, 45–47].”
From Tuberous Sclerosis Protein 2 (TSC2) Modulates CCN4 Cytoprotection During Apoptotic Amyloid Toxicity in Microglia (2013) · cites this paper as [46]
The Introduction discusses FoxO-related apoptotic pathways, but does not describe membrane phosphatidylserine exposure as an early phase or genomic DNA destruction as a late phase. Searches for those terms found only related reference titles, not a passage in this paper stating the claimed sequence. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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Sorted by citations
Galliher-Beckley, A. J., Williams, J. G., & Cidlowski, J. A. (2011) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.05866-11 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Chen Shang, Y., Zhong Chong, Z., Wang, S., & Maiese, K. (2013) · Current Neurovascular Research · doi:10.2174/156720213804806007 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“The early phase is energy dependent and involves the externalization of PS residues on the surface of cells that can be a signal for inflammatory cells to engulf and dispose of injured cells [46, 48, 49].”
BackgroundSelf-citationWang, S., Zhong Chong, Z., Chen Shang, Y., & Maiese, K. (2013) · Current Neurovascular Research · doi:10.2174/156720213804805945 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Maiese, K., Chong, Z. Z., & Shang, Y. C.
- Affiliations
- Wayne State University (US)
- Venue
- Trends in Molecular Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-05
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 219-227
- ISSN
- 1471-4914 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2572150
- OpenAlex
- W2020777578
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 1.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Molecular Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p30es006639-15)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS053946)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30-ES006639)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › FOXO transcription factor regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fibroblast Growth Factor Research
- Keywords
- FOXO transcription factors, forkhead transcription factor, FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4, therapeutic targeting, aging, cancer, diabetes mellitus, infertility, neurodegeneration, immune dysfunction
- MeSH terms
- Forkhead Box Protein O1, Forkhead Box Protein O3, Animals, Cell Movement, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Models, Biological, Neoplasms, Transcription Factors, Drug Design, Signal Transduction, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress, Cell Cycle Proteins, Protein Transport, Forkhead Transcription Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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