Cognitive control mechanisms, emotion and memory: A neural perspective with implications for psychopathology
Open accessAbstract
In this paper we provide a focused review of the literature examining neural mechanisms involved in cognitive control over memory processes that can influence, and in turn are influenced by, emotional processes. The review is divided into two parts, the first focusing on working memory and the second on long-term memory. With regard to working memory, we discuss the neural bases of (1) control mechanisms that can select against distracting emotional information, (2) mechanisms that can regulate emotional reactions or responses, (3) how mood state influences cognitive control, and (4) individual differences in control mechanisms. For long-term memory, we briefly review (1) the neural substrates of emotional memory, (2) the cognitive and neural mechanisms that are involved in controlling emotional memories and (3) how these systems are altered in post-traumatic stress disorder. Finally, we consider tentative generalizations that can be drawn from this relatively unexplored conjunction of research endeavors.
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Major depression is characterized by a strong disturbance in working memory.
“major depression is characterized by a strong disturbance in WM (Banich et al., 2009; Foland-Ross & Gotlib, 2012; Gotlib & Joormann, 2010; Joormann, 2018; Kaiser et al., 2015).”
From Baseline-dependent effect of dopamine’s precursor L-tyrosine on working memory gating but not updating (2020) · cites this paper as Banich et al., 2009
Section 3.3 reports compromised cognitive control in depressed individuals, while noting that their working-memory task performance did not significantly differ from controls. Section 3.4 links depressive rumination to difficulty removing irrelevant information from working memory. These narrower findings do not establish a strong, general working-memory disturbance as a characteristic of major depression. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRegions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), including the rostral anterior cingulate cortex, subgenual ACC, and medial frontal gyrus, are heavily connected to the amygdala and hippocampus, and critically involved in emotion regulation, attention bias, and fear extinction in individuals with PTSD and other anxiety disorders.
“Regions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), including the rostral anterior cingulate cortex, subgenual ACC (sgACC, Brodmann's Area 25) and medial frontal gyrus, are all heavily connected to the amygdala and hippocampus, and critically involved in emotion regulation, attention bias, and fear extinction in individuals with PTSD and other anxiety disorders (Banich et al, 2009;Cui et al, 2016;Et”
From Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond (2017) · cites this paper as Banich et al, 2009
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStress-related dissociation in BPD typically lasts between minutes and hours, or days.
“typically lasting between minutes and hours, or days [119, 120].”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [119]
Section 4.3 discusses dissociation in PTSD, including responses to trauma scripts, but does not describe the duration of dissociative episodes in BPD. Searches for BPD, borderline personality disorder, and durations in minutes, hours, or days found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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References 162 · Cited by 343
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Whitmer AJ The cognitive mechanisms of depressive rumination: A review Psychological Bulletin (submitted).
- Authors
- Banich, M. T., Mackiewicz, K. L., Depue, B. E., Whitmer, A. J., Miller, G. A., & Heller, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Banich, Marie T.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 613-630
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2865433
- OpenAlex
- W2114565884
- Cited by
- 343
- References
- 162
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 1.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH079485, R01MH061358)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- cognitive control, emotions, memory, working memory, long-term memory, emotional memory, emotional interference, mood states, individual differences, post-traumatic stress disorder, neural correlates, psychopathology
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Attention, Brain, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Mental Recall, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
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