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Cited by 48Sexual Differentiation and DisordersGender Roles and Identity StudiesNeuroendocrine regulation and behavior

Human gender development

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Hines, Melissa·2020·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.018PMC PMC10691233
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Abstract

Human gender-related behavior/psychology is shaped by a developmental system that involves numerous influences interacting over time. Understanding of the full range of elements in the system and how they interact is currently incomplete. The available evidence suggests, however, that early exposure to testosterone, postnatal socialization, e.g., by parents and peers, and self-socialization related to cognitive understanding of gender are important elements. This article focuses on prenatal and early neonatal influences of testosterone on gender-related psychological/behavioral outcomes, and contextualizes these hormonal influences within an understanding of socialization influences. There is consistent evidence that early testosterone exposure influences childhood gender role behavior, including sex-typical toy play, as well as gender identity and sexual orientation. Evidence for similar hormonal influences on spatial ability and on traits related to autism, or autistic spectrum disorder, is inconsistent. Evidence from girls exposed to elevated testosterone prenatally suggests that they experience alterations in processes of external socialization, as well as self-socialization, and that these, along with early testosterone exposure, shape gender-related outcomes.

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  • The adrenal cortex undergoes a self-renewal process, and key paracrine effectors supporting a dynamic centripetal streaming of adrenocortical cells have been identified.

    “through the use of specific transgenic mouse model (lineage tracing) we now know that the adrenal cortex undergoes a self-renewal process, and key paracrine effectors supporting a dynamic centripetal streaming of adrenocortical cells have been identified (520).”

    From Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management (2022) · cites this paper as [520]

    The section on early testosterone exposure discusses adrenal androgen production in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, not renewal of the adrenal cortex. Searches for centripetal streaming, lineage tracing, and paracrine effectors found no passage addressing the claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Adrenocortical self-renewal relies on the differentiation of at least two cell populations of progenitor cells, located in capsular (Gli1) and subcapsular (Shh) compartments.

    “Adrenocortical self-renewal relies on the differentiation of at least two cell populations of progenitor cells, located in capsular (expressing the transcription factor Gli1) and subcapsular compartments (secreting the morphogen Sonic Hedgehog, Shh).”

    From Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management (2022) · cites this paper as [520]

    The section on testosterone and human development discusses adrenal androgen production in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, not adrenocortical self-renewal. Searches for capsular and subcapsular progenitors, Gli1, and Sonic Hedgehog found no passage addressing the claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • These two progenitor cell populations can differentiate into fully mature steroidogenic cells forming the distinct histological and functional layers of the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata.

    “These two cell populations are able to differentiate and become fully mature steroidogenic cells forming the distinct histological and functional layers of the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata.”

    From Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management (2022) · cites this paper as [520]

    The section on whether testosterone influences human brain and behavior during early development discusses adrenal hormone production in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, not adrenal progenitor cells. Searches for the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and progenitor differentiation found no passage addressing the claimed formation of those layers. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Hines, M.
Affiliations
University of Cambridge (GB)
Corresponding author
Hines, Melissa
ORCID
Hines, Melissa
Venue
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020-11
Volume
118
Pages
89-96
ISSN
0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.018
PMC
PMC10691233
OpenAlex
W3043973130
Cited by
48
References
123
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1
FWCI
0.53
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
  • Apollo
Funders
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Keywords
prenatal testosterone exposure, neonatal testosterone, gender role behavior, gender identity, sexual orientation, socialization, self-socialization, spatial ability, autism spectrum disorder, sex differences
MeSH terms
Autism Spectrum Disorder, Child, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Male, Parents, Pregnancy, Sexual Behavior, Testosterone

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