The DOI matches its Crossref record; 83 of the 83 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Brain potentials reveal semantic priming in both the ‘active’ and the ‘non-attended’ language of early bilinguals
Abstract
A key question in the study of bilingual functioning is whether both the languages known are active at all times or whether one language can be selectively inactivated when bilingual individuals are tuned to the other language. Psycholinguistic and neuroscientific investigations have provided inconsistent data regarding the level of semantic activation of the two languages, even in the case of highly proficient bilinguals. In the present study, highly proficient, early Welsh/English bilinguals were presented with words in both their languages and were required to make word length decisions on words in one language while disregarding words in the other. Participants were not explicitly told about the organization of the word stream in pairs manipulating (a) semantic relatedness, (b) language of the prime and (c) language of the target in a fully counterbalanced two-by-two-by-two design. We observed significant semantic priming for both English and Welsh target words, irrespective of the active language, and independent of performance in the low-level letter counting task. We conclude that accessing the meaning of a written word is automatic in the two languages even when fluent bilingual adults are instructed to disregard words in one of their languages.
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“imaging studies indicating involvement of the non-target language while performing a linguistic task in the selected language [54–56].”
From Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain (2012) · cites this paper as [54]
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Reading Senseless Sentences: Brain Potentials Reflect Semantic Incongruity
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“In the so-called hierarchical model (Kroll and Stewart, 1994), words in the two languages (L1 and L2) generally have separate representations at the lexical level, but at least partially shared representations at the conceptual level.”
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Coltheart, M. (1981) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640748108400805 · Cited by 2,506
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Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., & Luk, G. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.03.001 · Cited by 1,386
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Green, D. W., & Gollan, T. H. (2009) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/1529100610387084 · Cited by 753
Reshaping the mind: The benefits of bilingualism.
Bialystok, E. (2011) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/a0025406 · Cited by 739
Bilingualism and the development of executive function: The role of attention
Bialystok, E. (2015) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12116 · Cited by 375
Bilingualism and working memory capacity: A comprehensive meta-analysis
Grundy, J. G., & Timmer, K. (2016) · Second language Research · doi:10.1177/0267658316678286 · Cited by 305
Metadata
- Authors
- Martin, C. D., Dering, B., Thomas, E. M., & Thierry, G.
- Affiliations
- Bangor University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Martin, Clara D.
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 326-333
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2051431873
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 3.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bangor University
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/E024556/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- semantic priming, bilingualism, early bilinguals, semantic activation, automatic semantic processing, event-related potentials
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Brain, Cognition, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Male, Reading, Semantics, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Multilingualism, Young Adult
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