The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Typical development of basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala and cerebellum from age 7 to 24
Abstract
Developmental imaging studies show that cortical grey matter decreases in volume during childhood and adolescence. However, considerably less research has addressed the development of subcortical regions (caudate, putamen, pallidum, accumbens, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus and the cerebellar cortex), in particular not in longitudinal designs. We used the automatic labeling procedure in FreeSurfer to estimate the developmental trajectories of the volume of these subcortical structures in 147 participants (age 7.0-24.3years old, 94 males; 53 females) of whom 53 participants were scanned twice or more. A total of 223 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans (acquired at 1.5-T) were analyzed. Substantial diversity in the developmental trajectories was observed between the different subcortical gray matter structures: the volume of caudate, putamen and nucleus accumbens decreased with age, whereas the volume of hippocampus, amygdala, pallidum and cerebellum showed an inverted U-shaped developmental trajectory. The thalamus showed an initial small increase in volume followed by a slight decrease. All structures had a larger volume in males than females over the whole age range, except for the cerebellum that had a sexually dimorphic developmental trajectory. Thus, subcortical structures appear to not yet be fully developed in childhood, similar to the cerebral cortex, and continue to show maturational changes into adolescence. In addition, there is substantial heterogeneity between the developmental trajectories of these structures.
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“Moreover, specific regions, such as the frontal cortex (FC), hippocampus (HC), and amygdala continue to develop into late adolescence (Suzuki et al. 2005; Wierenga et al. 2014).”
From The long-term cognitive consequences of adolescent exposure to recreational drugs of abuse (2018) · cites this paper as Wierenga et al. 2014
In the citing paper
“Limbic structures, including the amygdala, demonstrate emerging functional and structural maturity by early adolescence (Giedd et al., 1996, Ostby et al., 2009, Wierenga et al., 2014);”
From Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions (2015) · cites this paper as Wierenga et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the amygdala and mPFC undergo substantial structural change during development: the amygdala shows linear increases in grey matter across late childhood and adolescence, while the mPFC is characterised by quadratic changes, with substantial grey matter growth across childhood followed by grey matter pruning across adolescence19–21.”
From Multimodal evidence for delayed threat extinction learning in adolescence and young adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the amygdala and mPFC undergo substantial structural change during development: the amygdala shows linear increases in grey matter across late childhood and adolescence, while the mPFC is characterised by quadratic changes, with substantial grey matter growth across childhood followed by grey matter pruning across adolescence19–21.”
From Multimodal evidence for delayed threat extinction learning in adolescence and young adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [21]
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Habegger, M., Dimanova, P., Borbás, R., Federici, E., Ribeaud, D., Eisner, M., Hare, T. A., & Raschle, N. M. (2026) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2026.101728
Bernas, A., Schlüter, L., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A. L. W., Brühl, R., Desrivières, S., Flor, H., Garavan, H., Gowland, P. A., Grigis, A., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.18.724880
Singleton, O., & Gomez, J. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.06.29.735354
Saxena, K., Sreerama, V., & Kurian, S. R. (2026) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2026.07.002
Metadata
- Authors
- Wierenga, L., Langen, M., Ambrosino, S., van Dijk, S., Oranje, B., & Durston, S.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Wierenga, Lara
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 96
- Pages
- 67-72
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2123437610
- Cited by
- 294
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 11.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) (VIDI 91776384, VICI 453-10-005)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebellum, caudate nucleus, putamen, nucleus accumbens, thalamus, globus pallidus, sex differences, childhood and adolescence, longitudinal MRI
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Aging, Amygdala, Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, Child, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Organ Size, Reference Values, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sex Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Young Adult
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