Neocortical Somatostatin-Expressing GABAergic Interneurons Disinhibit the Thalamorecipient Layer 4
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Subtypes of GABAergic interneurons (INs) are crucial for cortical function, yet their specific roles are largely unknown. In contrast to supra- and infragranular layers, where most somatostatin-expressing (SOM) INs are layer 1-targeting Martinotti cells, the axons of SOM INs in layer 4 of somatosensory cortex largely remain within layer 4. Moreover, we found that whereas layers 2/3 SOM INs target mainly pyramidal cells (PCs), layer 4 SOM INs target mainly fast-spiking (FS) INs. Accordingly, optogenetic inhibition of SOM INs in an active cortical network increases the firing of layers 2/3 PCs whereas it decreases the firing of layer 4 principal neurons (PNs). This unexpected effect of SOM INs on layer 4 PNs occurs via their inhibition of local FS INs. These results reveal a disinhibitory microcircuit in the thalamorecipient layer through interactions among subtypes of INs and suggest that the SOM IN-mediated disinhibition represents an important circuit mechanism for cortical information processing.
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Somatostatin-positive (SOM+) interneurons form a single morphological population called non-Martinotti cells, with axons mainly targeting L4, in contrast to typical Martinotti cells that target L1.
“Several recent studies revealed that the somatostatin-positive (SOM+) interneurons form a single morphological population that has been called non-Martinotti cells13 since their axons mainly target L414,15, in contrast to typical Martinotti cells, which target L1.”
From Layer 4 of mouse neocortex differs in cell types and circuit organization between sensory areas (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
Recent evidence indicates that most, if not all, L4 SOM+ cells in mouse S1 have axons mostly localized within L4, in contrast to typical Martinotti cells, and are called non-Martinotti cells.
“Recent evidence indicates that most, if not all, L4 SOM+ cells in mouse S1 have axons mostly localized within L4, in stark contrast to typical MCs15, and have been called non-Martinotti cells (NMCs)13.”
From Layer 4 of mouse neocortex differs in cell types and circuit organization between sensory areas (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
In S1 L4, non-Martinotti cells received facilitating synaptic connections from local excitatory neurons (12.5%, 8/64), in line with previous studies in young rodents.
“In S1, NMCs received facilitating synaptic connections from local excitatory neurons (12.5%, 8/64), in line with previous studies in young rodents15,17.”
From Layer 4 of mouse neocortex differs in cell types and circuit organization between sensory areas (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
In S1 L4, almost all SOM+ neurons are non-Martinotti.
“which is in contrast to S1 L4 where almost all SOM+ neurons are non-Martinotti14,15.”
From Layer 4 of mouse neocortex differs in cell types and circuit organization between sensory areas (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
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References 56 · Cited by 366
- Authors
- Xu, H., Jeong, H.-Y., Tremblay, R., & Rudy, B.
- Affiliations
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Xu, Han
- Rudy, Bernardo
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-01
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 155-167
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3556168
- OpenAlex
- W2076687395
- Cited by
- 366
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 22
- FWCI
- 16.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- International Rett Syndrome Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ns030989-22)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-30989, R01-NS030989, P01NS074972, R01NS045217, NS-045217)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- GABAergic interneurons, disinhibition, somatosensory cortex, fast-spiking interneurons, Martinotti cells, principal neurons, cortical microcircuits, interneuron subtypes, optogenetic inhibition
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Gene Expression Regulation, Interneurons, Mice, Transgenic, Neural Inhibition, Somatostatin, Thalamus, Neocortex, Mice, GABAergic Neurons
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