The DOI matches its Crossref record; 73 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stem cell-derived neurons reflect features of protein networks, neuropathology, and cognitive outcome of their aged human donors
Open accessAbstract
We have generated a controlled and manipulable resource that captures genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease: iPSC lines from 53 individuals coupled with RNA and proteomic profiling of both iPSC-derived neurons and brain tissue of the same individuals. Data collected for each person include genome sequencing, longitudinal cognitive scores, and quantitative neuropathology. The utility of this resource is exemplified here by analyses of neurons derived from these lines, revealing significant associations between specific Aβ and tau species and the levels of plaque and tangle deposition in the brain and, more importantly, with the trajectory of cognitive decline. Proteins and networks are identified that are associated with AD phenotypes in iPSC neurons, and relevant associations are validated in brain. The data presented establish this iPSC collection as a resource for investigating person-specific processes in the brain that can aid in identifying and validating molecular pathways underlying AD.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“We detected several SHIP1 binding partners previously identified in other myeloid cells, such as SH3KBP117, GRB218, SHC118, DOK218,19, ARAP120 and CD2AP21 (Figure 1D).”
From INPP5D/SHIP1 regulates endo-lysosomal function and cargo-selective phagocytosis in human microglia (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis
Schindelin, J., Arganda-Carreras, I., Frise, E., Kaynig, V., Longair, M., Pietzsch, T., Preibisch, S., Rueden, C., Saalfeld, S., Schmid, B., et al. (2012) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2019 · Cited by 66,890
Subramanian, A., Tamayo, P., Mootha, V. K., Mukherjee, S., Ebert, B. L., Gillette, M. A., Paulovich, A., Pomeroy, S. L., Golub, T. R., Lander, E. S., et al. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0506580102 · Cited by 53,625
WGCNA: an R package for weighted correlation network analysis
Langfelder, P., & Horvath, S. (2008) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-9-559 · Cited by 27,252
Cox, J., & Mann, M. (2008) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.1511 · Cited by 14,855
Structuring and extracting knowledge for the support of hypothesis generation in molecular biology
Roos, M., Marshall, M. S., Gibson, A. P., Schuemie, M., Meij, E., Katrenko, S., van Hage, W. V., Krommydas, K., & Adriaans, P. (2009) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-10-s10-s9 · Cited by 11,123
Mootha, V. K., Lindgren, C. M., Eriksson, K.-F., Subramanian, A., Sihag, S., Lehar, J., Puigserver, P., Carlsson, E., Ridderstråle, M., Laurila, E., et al. (2003) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1180 · Cited by 10,197
Near-optimal probabilistic RNA-seq quantification
Bray, N. L., Pimentel, H., Melsted, P., & Pachter, L. (2016) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3519 · Cited by 9,723
Adjusting batch effects in microarray expression data using empirical Bayes methods
Johnson, W. E., Li, C., & Rabinovic, A. (2007) · Biostatistics · doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxj037 · Cited by 8,658
The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease at 25 years
Selkoe, D. J., & Hardy, J. (2016) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.201606210 · Cited by 6,164
Self-citationTerry, R. D., Masliah, E., Salmon, D. P., Butters, N., DeTeresa, R., Hill, R., Hansen, L. A., & Katzman, R. (1991) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410300410 · Cited by 4,397
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Garcia-Esparcia, 2017, Altered mechanisms of protein synthesis in frontal cortex in Alzheimer disease and a mouse model, Am. J. Neurodegener. Dis., 6, 15
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease
Heneka, M. T., van der Flier, W. M., Jessen, F., Hoozemanns, J., Thal, D. R., Boche, D., Brosseron, F., Teunissen, C., Zetterberg, H., Jacobs, A. H., et al. (2025) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-024-01104-7 · Cited by 638
Cell subtype-specific effects of genetic variation in the Alzheimer’s disease brain
Fujita, M., Gao, Z., Zeng, L., Aubin, C., White, C. C., Ng, B., Green, G. S., Rozenblatt–Rosen, O., Phillips, D., Amir-Zilberstein, L., et al. (2024) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-024-01685-y · Cited by 196
“To evaluate how well our eGenes translate to model systems, we repur-posed bulk RNA-seq data from iPSC-derived neurons ( n = 44) and Article https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-024-01685-y astrocytes ( n = 38) derived from ROS/MAP participants 22 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationVLDLR and ApoER2 are receptors for multiple alphaviruses
Clark, L. E., Clark, S. A., Lin, C., Liu, J., Coscia, A., Smith, K. N., Yang, P., Neel, D. V., Lee, H., Brusic, V., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04326-0 · Cited by 135
Self-citationGasdermin-E mediates mitochondrial damage in axons and neurodegenerationPreprint
Neel, D. V., Basu, H., Gunner, G., Bergstresser, M., Giadone, R., Chung, H., Miao, R., Chou, V., Brody, E. M., Jiang, X., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.513927 · Cited by 123
Self-citationNeuronal activity-dependent mechanisms of small cell lung cancer pathogenesis
Savchuk, S., Gentry, K. M., Wang, W., Carleton, E., de Biagi, C. A. O., Luthria, K. D., Yalçın, B., Ni, L., Farnsworth, H. C., Davis, R. A., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09492-z · Cited by 138
Moving beyond amyloid and tau to capture the biological heterogeneity of Alzheimer’s disease
Young‐Pearse, T. L., Lee, H., Hsieh, Y., Chou, V., & Selkoe, D. J. (2023) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2023.03.005 · Cited by 104
Self-citationINPP5D regulates inflammasome activation in human microglia
Chou, V., Pearse, R. V., Aylward, A. J., Ashour, N., Taga, M., Terzioglu, G., Fujita, M., Fancher, S. B., Sigalov, A., Benoit, C. R., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42819-w · Cited by 79
Self-citationRajabli, F., Beecham, G. W., Hendrie, H. C., Baiyewu, O., Ogunniyi, A. O., Gao, S., Kushch, N. A., Vasquez, M. L., Hamilton‐Nelson, K. L., Young, J. I., et al. (2022) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1009977 · Cited by 62
Ji, Y., Chen, X., Wang, Z., Meek, C. J., McLean, J. L., Yang, Y., Yuan, C., Rochet, J., Liu, F., & Xu, R. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03041-w · Cited by 74
Saurat, N. G., Minotti, A. P., Rahman, M. T., Sikder, T., Zhang, C., Cornacchia, D., Jungverdorben, J., Ciceri, G., Betel, D., & Studer, L. (2024) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2024.06.001 · Cited by 60
Webber, E. K., Fivaz, M., Stutzmann, G. E., & Griffioen, G. (2023) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13065 · Cited by 50
Lee, H., Aylward, A. J., Pearse, R. V., Lish, A. M., Hsieh, Y.-C., Augur, Z. M., Benoit, C. R., Chou, V., Knupp, A., Pan, C., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112994 · Cited by 58
Self-citationThe future of stem cell therapies of Alzheimer’s disease
Wang, Z., Wang, Z.-T., Sun, Y., Tan, L., & Yu, J. (2022) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2022.101655 · Cited by 65
Lish, A. M., Grogan, E. F. L., Benoit, C. R., Pearse, R. V., Heuer, S. E., Luquez, T., Orme, G. A., Galle, P. C., Milinkeviciute, G., Green, K. N., et al. (2025) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2025.03.034 · Cited by 55
Self-citationNeurodegeneration cell per cell
Balusu, S., Praschberger, R., Lauwers, E., Strooper, B. D., & Verstreken, P. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.01.016 · Cited by 53
“Studies using iPSC models derived from sporadic AD cases 257 or from familial AD cases 258 concluded that neurons derived from iPSC, still capture AD-relevant signatures.”
3D hydrogel models of the neurovascular unit to investigate blood–brain barrier dysfunction
Potjewyd, G., Kellett, K. A. B., & Hooper, N. M. (2021) · Neuronal Signaling · doi:10.1042/ns20210027 · Cited by 53
Labib, D., Wang, Z., Prakash, P. S., Zimmer, M., Smith, M. D., Frazel, P. W., Barbar, L., Sapar, M. L., Calabresi, P. A., Peng, J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.870085 · Cited by 45
“…Recasens et al., 2018 HLA-E–Major Histocompatibility Complex I, E (MHC Class I Antigen E) Coupel et al., 2007; Rölle et al., 2018 Morandi et al., 2013; Lau et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2020 PD-L1– Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 1 (CD274; B7H1) Freeman et al., 2000; Cha et al., 2019; Doroshow et al.,…”
BackgroundLiu, L., Lauro, B. M., He, A., Lee, H., Bhattarai, S., Wolfe, M. S., Bennett, D. A., Karch, C. M. M., Young‐Pearse, T. L., Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN), et al. (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12646 · Cited by 45
“41 We observed the expected dose-dependent increase in short Aβs (37, 38) and decrease in long Aβs (40, 42) (Figure 2D, E).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCRISPR-based functional genomics screening in human-pluripotent-stem-cell-derived cell types
Li, K., Ouyang, M., Zhan, J., & Tian, R. (2023) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100300 · Cited by 45
“For example, iPSC-derived neurons from patients with familial or sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) exhibit pathological hallmarks of AD such as enlarged early endosomes, increased amyloid-b, and phosphorylated tau.(6,7) iPSC-derived cardiacmyocytes from patients carrying pathogenic mutations of long-QT syndrome, a car…”
BackgroundProtecting Human and Animal Health: The Road from Animal Models to New Approach Methods
Kaplan, B. L. F., Hoberman, A. M., Slikker, W., Smith, M. A., Corsini, E., Knudsen, T. B., Marty, S., Sobrian, S. K., Fitzpatrick, S. C., Ratner, M. H., et al. (2024) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.123.000967 · Cited by 51
“Human-derived induced pluripotent stem cells are used to create brain organoid models of AD (Lagomarsino et al., 2021).”
Krichevsky, A. M., Nguyen, L. D., Wei, Z.-Y., Silva, M., Barberán-Soler, S., Rabinovsky, R., Muratore, C. R., Stricker, J. M. S., Hortman, C., Young-Pearse, T. L., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2617979/v1 · Cited by 39
Self-citationNovel human iPSC models of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disease and regenerative medicine
Summers, R. A., Fagiani, F., Rowitch, D. H., Absinta, M., & Reich, D. S. (2024) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2024.08.004 · Cited by 39
Patient iPSC models reveal glia-intrinsic phenotypes in multiple sclerosis
Clayton, B. L. L., Barbar, L., Sapar, M., Kalpana, K., Rao, C., Migliori, B., Rusielewicz, T., Paull, D., Brenner, K., Moroziewicz, D., et al. (2024) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2024.08.002 · Cited by 38
Self-citationRizzo, S. J. S., Homanics, G. E., Schaeffer, D. J., Schaeffer, L. K. H., Park, J. E., Oluoch, J., Zhang, T., Haber, A., Seyfried, N. T., Paten, B., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12417 · Cited by 40
Self-citationBrain organoids are new tool for drug screening of neurological diseases
Zhou, J.-Q., Zeng, L., Li, C.-T., He, D.-H., Zhao, H.-D., Xu, Y., Jin, Z.-T., & Gao, C. (2023) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.367983 · Cited by 47
“Furthermore, technological combination between iPSC reprogramming and the generation of brain organoids has resulted in a new disease model for neurological or psychiatric diseases (Lancaster et al., 2013; Clevers, 2016; Di Lullo and Kriegstein, 2017; Qian et al., 2019; Cherskov and Sestan, 2021).”
BackgroundMethodStrategies for modeling aging and age-related diseases
Jothi, D., & Kulka, L. A. M. (2024) · npj Aging · doi:10.1038/s41514-024-00161-5 · Cited by 39
Lish, A. M., Ashour, N., Pearse, R. V., Galle, P. C., Orme, G. A., Heuer, S. E., Benoit, C. R., Alexander, K. D., Grogan, E. F. L., Terzioğlu, G., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115777 · Cited by 35
“35,82 iPSCs were plated at a density of 95k cells/cm 2 on plates coated with growth factor reduced Matrigel one day prior to virus transduction (Corning #354230).”
InfluentialSelf-citationNeuronal-Activity Dependent Mechanisms of Small Cell Lung Cancer ProgressionPreprint
Savchuk, S., Gentry, K., Wang, W.-G., Carleton, E., Yalçın, B., Liu, Y., Pavarino, E. C., LaBelle, J., Toland, A. M. S., Woo, P. J., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524430 · Cited by 30
Conserved gene signatures shared among MAPT mutations reveal defects in calcium signaling
Minaya, M., Mahali, S. K., Iyer, A. K., Eteleeb, A. M., Martinez, R. J., Huang, G., Budde, J., Temple, S., Nana, A. L., Seeley, W. W., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2023.1051494 · Cited by 29
“Human cellular models of the brain derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have become an important tool for studying molecular and cellular markers that may initiate disease (Livesey, 2014; Iovino et al., 2015; Silva et al., 2016; Guo et al., 2017; Wray, 2017; Gonzalez et al., 2018; Jiang et al., 2018; Kar…”
Wu, C.-I., Vinton, E. A., Pearse, R. V., Heo, K., Aylward, A. J., Hsieh, Y., Bi, Y., Adeleye, S., Fancher, S. B., Duong, D. M., et al. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01454-5 · Cited by 34
“Neurons derived using this protocol have been extensively characterized using bulk and single cell RNAseq, immunostaining, and proteomics and these studies revealed that this protocol generates a homogeneous population of excitatory glutamatergic neurons that are most similar to neurons in layers 2/3 of the cerebral c…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationSheta, R., Teixeira, M., Idi, W., Pierre, M., Jacquet, A. D. R., Émond, V., Zorca, C. E., Vanderperre, B., Durcan, T. M., Fon, E. A., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22158-4 · Cited by 35
Schultz, S. A., Liu, L., Schultz, A. P., Fitzpatrick, C. D., Levin, R., Bellier, J., Shirzadi, Z., Joseph‐Mathurin, N., Chen, C. D., Benzinger, T. L. S., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00236-9 · Cited by 35
Self-citationvan der Linden, R. J., Gerritsen, J. S., Liao, M., Widomska, J., Pearse, R. V., White, F. M., Franke, B., Young‐Pearse, T. L., & Poelmans, G. (2022) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102316 · Cited by 41
Self-citationNeuronal constitutive endolysosomal perforations enable α-synuclein aggregation by internalized PFFs
Sanyal, A., Scanavachi, G., Somerville, E., Saminathan, A., Nair, A., Correia, R. F. B. D. C., Aylan, B., Sitarska, E., Oikonomou, A., Hatzakis, N. S., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.202401136 · Cited by 26
“BR33 iPSCs, as previously described (Paull et al., 2015; Lagomarsino et al., 2021), were kindly provided by Dr. Tracy Young-Pearse (Brigham and Women ’ s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA).”
Uncovering plaque-glia niches in human Alzheimer’s disease brains using spatial transcriptomics
Avey, D. R., Ng, B., Vialle, R. A., Kearns, N. A., Lopes, K. D. P., Iatrou, A., Tissera, S. L. D., Vyas, H., Saunders, D. M., Flood, D. J., et al. (2025) · Molecular Neurodegeneration Advances · doi:10.1186/s44477-025-00002-z · Cited by 31
“Two iPSC lines (AICS-0090–391 purchased from the Coriell Institute and BR28 [34] obtained from Dr. Tracy Young-Pearse) were used for the culture experiments. iPSCs were maintained on Matrigel-coated dishes in mTeSR Plus (StemCell Technologies). iPSCs were passaged every 4 days with ReLeSR (StemCell…”
Self-citationLomoio, S., Pandey, R. S., Rouleau, N., Menicacci, B., Kim, W., Cantley, W. L., Haydon, P. G., Bennett, D. A., Young-Pearse, T. L., Carter, G. W., et al. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02147-3 · Cited by 25
Self-citationUncovering Plaque-Glia Niches in Human Alzheimer’s Disease Brains Using Spatial Transcriptomics
Avey, D. R., Ng, B., Vialle, R. A., Kearns, N. A., de Paiva Lopes, K., Iatrou, A., De Tissera, S., Vyas, H., Saunders, D. M., Flood, D. J., et al. (2024) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611566 · Cited by 24
“P -values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using BH-FDR correction. iPSC cultures and differentiation Two iPSC lines (AICS-0090-391 purchased from the Coriell Institute and BR28 63 obtained from Dr. Tracy Young-Pearse) were used for the culture experiments. iPSCs were maintained on Matrigel-824 coated dishes in…”
InfluentialSelf-citationFrazel, P. W., Labib, D., Fisher, T., Brosh, R., Pirjanian, N., Marchildon, A. E., Boeke, J. D., Fossati, V., & Liddelow, S. A. (2023) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-023-01424-2 · Cited by 24
“For our multiline experiment, we used nine iPSC lines from an iPSC collection recently generated at NYSCF to enable large-scale studies on Alzheimer’s disease 66 .”
MethodFan, K., Francis, L., Aslam, M. M., Bedison, M. A., Lawrence, E., Acharya, V., Snitz, B. E., Ganguli, M., DeKosky, S. T., Lopez, O. L., et al. (2023) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.11.007 · Cited by 21
Marei, H. E. S., Khan, M. U. A., & Hasan, A. (2023) · Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters · doi:10.1186/s11658-023-00504-2 · Cited by 27
“This has demonstrated the value of using iPSCs to clarify the fundamental pathophysiology of AD in humans [53].”
BackgroundThe Breakthroughs and Caveats of Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Modeling Alzheimer’s Disease
Bendtsen, K. M., & Hall, V. J. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12030420 · Cited by 30
“The study also showed that a reduction of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) led to an increase in expression of major pTau in the neurons [59].”
InfluentialMustaly-Kalimi, S., Gallegos, W., Steinbrenner, D., Gupta, S. N., Houcek, A., Bennett, D. A., Marr, R. A., Peterson, D. A., Sekler, I., & Stutzmann, G. E. (2025) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-025-02023-x · Cited by 25
“…used 4 ROSMAP iPSC lines derived from 2 persons with AD (R107: 86-year-old female and R126: > 89-year-old male), and 2 without dementia (R46: >89-year-old female and R38: >89-year-old male) [3, 57], and generated mature electrically excitable neurons that make synaptic contracts (Supplemental Fig.”
Self-citationSit, T. P. H., Feord, R. C., Dunn, A. W., Chabros, J., Oluigbo, D., Smith, H., Burn, L. A., Chang, E., Boschi, A., Yin, Y., et al. (2024) · Cell Reports Methods · doi:10.1016/j.crmeth.2024.100901 · Cited by 22
Person‐specific differences in ubiquitin‐proteasome mediated proteostasis in human neurons
Hsieh, Y., Augur, Z. M., Arbery, M. R., Ashour, N., Barrett, K., Pearse, R. V., Tio, E. S., Duong, D. M., Felsky, D., Jager, P. L. D., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13680 · Cited by 26
“28 These cohorts are composed of Catholic nuns, priests, and monks across the United States (ROS) and older persons recruited from communities around the Chicago metropolitan area (MAP).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationHsieh, Y., Negri, J. M., He, A., Pearse, R. V., Liu, L., Duong, D. M., Chibnik, L. B., Bennett, D. A., Seyfried, N. T., & Young‐Pearse, T. L. (2022) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-022-00558-4 · Cited by 25
“However, over the years of executing this study, extensive data were acquired regarding the human iN system, including data from our lab defining MEA characteristics of iNs over differentiation time [50].”
BackgroundSelf-citationQu, W., Canoll, P., & Hargus, G. (2023) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.05.006 · Cited by 24
Ng, B., Rowland, H. A., Wei, L., Arunasalam, K., Hayes, E. M., Koychev, I. G., Hedegaard, A., Ribé, E. M., Chan, D., Chessell, T., et al. (2022) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcac267 · Cited by 19
“It has recently been shown that several measures of secreted Aβ peptides in iPSC-derived cortical neurons from Alzheimer’s disease patients reflect the extent of Aβ neuropathology of their donors.(8) We extend that work on postmortem, end-of-life, neuropathological findings to in-life, early in disease, clinical measu…”
Loss of endosomal exchanger NHE6 leads to pathological changes in tau in human neurons
Fernandez, M. A., Bah, F., Ma, L., Lee, Y., Schmidt, M., Welch, E., Morrow, E. M., & Young‐Pearse, T. L. (2022) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.08.001 · Cited by 19
“17 j 2111–2126 j September 13, 2022 (D’Souza et al., 2021; Imberdis et al., 2019; Lagomarsino et al., 2021; Lin et al., 2018; Muratore et al., 2017; Sanyal et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationPatient iPSC models reveal glia-intrinsic phenotypes in multiple sclerosis
Clayton, B. L. L., Barbar, L., Sapar, M. L., Rusielewicz, T., Kalpana, K., Migliori, B., Paull, D., Brenner, K., Moroziewicz, D., Sand, I. K., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551553 · Cited by 17
Self-citationSolana‐Manrique, C., Sánchez‐Pérez, A. M., Paricio, N., & Muñoz‐Descalzo, S. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26020620 · Cited by 21
Zurek, N. A., Ehsanian, R., Goins, A., Adams, I. M., Petersen, T., Goyal, S., Shilling, M., Westlund, K., & Alles, S. (2023) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2023.12.008 · Cited by 16
Zurek, N. A., Ehsanian, R., Goins, A., Adams, I. M., Petersen, T., Goyal, S., Shilling, M., Westlund, K., & Alles, S. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.11.03.565343 · Cited by 15
Predictive network analysis identifies JMJD6 and other potential key drivers in Alzheimer’s disease
Merchant, J. P., Zhu, K., Henrion, M., Zaidi, S. S. A., Lau, B., Moein, S., Alamprese, M. L., Pearse, R. V., Bennett, D. A., Ertekin‐Taner, N., et al. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-04791-5 · Cited by 23
Self-citationChen, C., Maner-Smith, K. M., Khadka, M., Ahn, J. Y., Gulbin, X. L., Ivanova, A., Dammer, E. B., Seyfried, N. T., Bennett, D. A., Hajjar, I. M., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-64328-8 · Cited by 19
Self-citationMishra, S., Jayadev, S., & Young, J. E. (2024) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2022.0389 · Cited by 13
“…the CNS and the periphery can be differentiated from hiPSCs, the cells are easily genetically manipulatable using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, characteristics of individual patient genomes are maintained in differentiated cells [61] and these cells are widely used in drug testing and screening [62,63].”
BackgroundArtificial intelligence unifies knowledge and actions in drug repositioning
Yin, Z., & Wong, S. T. C. (2021) · Emerging Topics in Life Sciences · doi:10.1042/etls20210223 · Cited by 19
Decoding microglial functions in Alzheimer’s disease: insights from human models
Rao, C., Semrau, S., & Fossati, V. (2025) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2025.02.011 · Cited by 14
Brain Microvascular Pericyte Pathology Linking Alzheimer's Disease to Diabetes
El‐Ghazawi, K., Eyo, U. B., & Peirce, S. M. (2024) · Microcirculation · doi:10.1111/micc.12877 · Cited by 14
Gould, N. L., Scherer, G. R., Carvalho, S., Shurrush, K. A., Kayyal, H., Edry, E., Elkobi, A., David, O., Foqara, M., Thakar, D., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci162120 · Cited by 19
“Currently, major efforts are being made to find new ways to slow metabolic aging (51), particularly in the post-mitotic neurons of the brain.”
BackgroundLee, H., Pearse, R. V., Lish, A. M., Pan, C., Augur, Z. M., Terzioğlu, G., Gaur, P., Liao, M., Fujita, M., Tio, E. S., et al. (2025) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24677 · Cited by 21
Self-citationWang, Z., Jin, M., Hong, W., Liu, W., Reczek, D., Lagomarsino, V. N., Hu, Y., Weeden, T., Frosch, M. P., Young‐Pearse, T. L., et al. (2023) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-023-01511-2 · Cited by 13
“The neurite number and expression of neural markers reached maximal levels by iN day 14 and by iN day 21 spontaneous firing of the iNs had plateaued [19, 23].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCohen, B. M., & Sonntag, K. (2024) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105238 · Cited by 13
“15,16,18,36,39,41,43,45,47,50,59,61 Elevated levels were more often observed with greater duration of culture, suggesting that increases in abnormal peptides are a consequence of more basic preceding mechanisms.”
BackgroundResultAssociation of AK4 Protein From Stem Cell–Derived Neurons With Cognitive Reserve
Yu, L., Hsieh, Y., Pearse, R. V., Wang, Y., Petyuk, V., Schneider, J. A., Buchman, A. S., Seyfried, N. T., Jager, P. L. D., Young‐Pearse, T. L., et al. (2022) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000201120 · Cited by 13
“Generation of iPSC Lines and iNs Technical details on the generation of iPSC lines and iNs are previously described.(10) In brief, the iPSC lines were generated using cryopreserved PBMCs from autopsied ROSMAP participants.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationUrine-derived cells from the aged donor for the 2D/3D modeling of neural cells via iPSCs
Supakul, S., Hatakeyama, Y., Leventoux, N., Itsuno, M., Numata, N., Hiramine, H., Morimoto, S., Iwata, A., Maeda, S., & Okano, H. (2023) · Aging Brain · doi:10.1016/j.nbas.2023.100101 · Cited by 11
“In fact, some previous studies demonstrated that the neuronal models derived from the iPSCs could recapitulate the disease pathogenesis in relation to the polygenic risks [34,35].”
BackgroundMamais, A., Sanyal, A., Fajfer, A., Zykoski, C. G., Guldin, M., Riley-DiPaolo, A., Subrahmanian, N., Gibbs, W., Lin, S., & LaVoie, M. J. (2023) · doi:10.1101/2023.04.30.538317 · Cited by 3
Approaches for studying neuroimmune interactions in Alzheimer’s disease
Lin, C., Tian, Y., Tanzi, R. E., & Jorfi, M. (2024) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2024.10.002 · Cited by 11
Oakley, D. H., Chung, M., Abrha, S., Hyman, B. T., & Frosch, M. P. (2024) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlae053 · Cited by 9
Cellular and subcellular localization of Rab10 and phospho-T73 Rab10 in the mouse and human brain
Singh, V., Menard, M. A., Serrano, G. E., Beach, T. G., Zhao, H. T., Riley-DiPaolo, A., Subrahmanian, N., LaVoie, M. J., & Volpicelli-Daley, L. A. (2023) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-023-01704-9 · Cited by 9
“These cells were induced to differentiate into neurons as reported [33, 47, 69] and immunofluorescence experiments were performed using the pRab10 antibody.”
MethodPomeshchik, Y., Velásquez, E., Gil, J., Klementieva, O. L., Gidlöf, R., Sydoff, M., Bagnoli, S., Nacmias, B., Sorbi, S., Westergren‐Thorsson, G., et al. (2023) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-023-01649-z · Cited by 10
“Recently, Lago-marsino and colleagues generated induced cortical neurons from iPSC lines obtained from a large cohort of deeply phenotyped individuals, including sixteen neu-ropathologically diagnosed with AD and Alzheimer’s dementia [77].”
BackgroundCell models for Down syndrome-Alzheimer’s disease research
Wu, Y., West, N. R., Bhattacharyya, A., & Wiseman, F. K. (2022) · Neuronal Signaling · doi:10.1042/ns20210054 · Cited by 17
INPP5D/SHIP1 regulates inflammasome activation in human microglia
Chou, V., Fancher, S. B., Pearse, R. V., Lee, H., Lam, M., Seyfried, N. T., Bennett, D. A., De Jager, P. L., Menon, V., & Young-Pearse, T. L. (2023) · doi:10.1101/2023.02.25.530025 · Cited by 8
Self-citationMamais, A., Sanyal, A., Fajfer, A., Zykoski, C. G., Guldin, M., Riley-DiPaolo, A., Subrahmanian, N., Gibbs, W. S., Lin, S., & LaVoie, M. J. (2024) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.01.001 · Cited by 20
Revisiting a Telencephalic Extent of the Ascending Reticular Activating System
Miyawaki, E. K., Bhattacharyya, S., & Torre, M. (2023) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-023-01339-3 · Cited by 9
Fine-mapping in admixed populations using CARMA-X, with applications to Latin American studies
Yang, Z., Wang, C., Posadas‐García, Y. S., Añorve-Garibay, V., Vardarajan, B. N., Moreno‐Estrada, A., Sohail, M., Mayeux, R. P., & Ionita‐Laza, I. (2025) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2025.02.020 · Cited by 8
Self-citationAge-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Stem Cell’s Perspective
Calvo, B., Schembri-Wismayer, P., & Alonso, M. B. D. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14050347 · Cited by 9
Santarriaga, S., Gerlovin, K., Layadi, Y., & Karmacharya, R. (2023) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2023.02.029 · Cited by 7
Brain Endothelial Soluble ST2 Production and Cerebral Edema in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke
Bevers, M. B., An, J., Yoo, A., Fietsam, E., Booraem, C., Reddy, D., Li, K., Sastre, C., Acharjee, A., Sugimoto, K., et al. (2025) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.78006 · Cited by 4
Self-citationYang, T., Xu, Y. R., Jin, S., Ramalingam, N., Bellier, J., Lish, A. M., Ostaszewski, B. L., Young‐Pearse, T. L., Liu, L., Yang, H., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-025-01802-x · Cited by 7
“iPSC-derived neurons (iNs) were differentiated as reported [28] with minor modifications [29]. iPSCs were plated at a density of 95 k cells/cm 2 on plates coated with growth factor reduced Matrigel one day prior to virus transduction (Corning #354,230).”
Self-citationMaguire, E., Winston, J., Ellwood, S. H., O’Donoghue, R., Shaw, B., Castillo-Morales, A., Keat, S., Evans, A., Marshall, I. J., Luckcuck, L., et al. (2025) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2025.102570 · Cited by 7
Changes in iPSC-astrocyte morphology reflect Alzheimer’s disease patient clinical markers
Rowland, H. A., Miller, G., Liu, Q., Li, S., Sharp, N. R., Ng, B., Wei, L., Arunasalam, K., Koychev, I. G., Hedegaard, A., et al. (2024) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1093/stmcls/sxae085 · Cited by 8
“3,4 These findings open the feasibility of modeling sAD, allowing the interrogation of mechanisms and identification of therapeutic targets in a personalized medicine approach.”
White, A. J., Clark, K. A., Alexander, K. D., Ramalingam, N., Young‐Pearse, T. L., Dettmer, U., Selkoe, D. J., & Ho, G. P. H. (2024) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-024-00725-y · Cited by 6
“They allow for investigations in a human cell background, exhibit characteristics of excitatory neurons of the layer II/III neocortex 16 , and become electrically active within 21 days of differentiation 17 .”
Self-citationNguyen, L. D., Wei, Z., Silva, M. C., Barberán-Soler, S., Zhang, J., Rabinovsky, R., Muratore, C. R., Stricker, J. M. S., Hortman, C., Young-Pearse, T. L., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43293-0 · Cited by 50
“Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines were retrieved and differentiated into neurons with NGN2 expression, as previously reported 27 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationAugur, Z. M., Fogo, G. M., Arbery, M. R., Hsieh, Y., Rao, N. R., Goyal, K., Dexter, E., Bennett, D. A., Savas, J. N., Stern, A. M., et al. (2025) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-025-02947-7 · Cited by 6
“Previously reported iPSC lines were used, which were generated from cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples from autopsied participants from the ROS and MAP cohorts using the Sendai reprogramming method [46].”
InfluentialSelf-citationBenoit, C. R., Sattler, L. B., Aylward, A. J., Pembridge, O. G., Kim, B., Muratore, C., Liao, M., He, A., Ashour, N., Fancher, S. B., et al. (2025) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaf221 · Cited by 3
“47,54 Astrocytes (ebAstros) were differentiated from NPCs as described.”
Self-citationLee, H., Pearse, R., Lish, A. M., Pan, C., Augur, Z. M., Terzioglu, G., Gaur, P., Liao, M., Fujita, M., Tio, E., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.07.31.605928 · Cited by 5
“We next differentiated iPSCs from 44 individuals, sourced from the Religious Order Studies and Rush Memory and Aging Project (ROSMAP (Lagomarsino et al., 2021)).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationZhai, T., Krass, E., Zhang, F., & Huang, Z. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Systems Biology · doi:10.3389/fsysb.2023.1188430 · Cited by 6
“Researchers can use induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) to grow human neurons in a dish now (Lagomarsino, 2021).”
BackgroundLish, A. M., Galle, P. C., Orme, G. A., Ashour, N., Heuer, S. E., Curle, A. J., Muratore, C., & Young‐Pearse, T. L. (2025) · STAR Protocols · doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2025.104152 · Cited by 6
Self-citationMamais, A., Batchelor, R. D., Chairmandurai, A., Ladd, T. B., Shute, A. J., Subrahmanian, N., Maio, N., Vulpe, C. D., & LaVoie, M. J. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.09.26.678370 · Cited by 4
“BR33 were derived from a Caucasian donor, who was deeply phenotyped as part of the ROS/MAP longitudinal aging studies (53,54) and determined to not be cognitively impaired at death at age >89 and free from genetic variants that confer risk of PD. ND35371 (R1441C heterozygous) and ND50051 (G2019S…”
NCRAD: Advancing Alzheimer's research through high‐quality biospecimens and data
Edler, M. C., Faber, K., Lacy, K., Jackson, J. M., & Foroud, T. (2025) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70682 · Cited by 4
Chun, M. Y., Jung, S., Choe, J., Lee, S., Kim, H., Son, H. J., Choi, Y., Cho, M., Kim, B., Jang, H., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70660 · Cited by 2
“16 Although numerous studies have investigated the role of single genetic factor such as APOE in AD using organoid models, 18–20 disease Study (BICWALZS), 22 which constituted Dataset 2 for replication analysis.”
Su, W.-S., Wu, M.-T., Cheng, I. H.-J., & Yang, F. (2025) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115420 · Cited by 5
Schwarze‐Taufiq, T. A., Pranoto, I. K. A., Hui, K., Kinoshita, C., Yu, O., Crane, P. K., Gray, S. L., & Young, J. E. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.70040 · Cited by 3
“33”
Schultz, S. A., Liu, L., Schultz, A. P., Fitzpatrick, C. D., Levin, R., Bellier, J., Shirzadi, Z., Joseph‐Mathurin, N., Chen, C. D., Benzinger, T. L. S., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.07.04.547688 · Cited by 5
Self-citationINPP5D/SHIP1 regulates endo-lysosomal function and cargo-selective phagocytosis in human microglia
Terzioglu, G., Karp, E. S., Heuer, S. E., Chadarevian, J. P., Ahsan, F. M., Haage, V. C., Davtyan, H., Fogo, G. M., Curle, A. J., Ashour, N., et al. (2025) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684632 · Cited by 3
Self-citationSaguer, I. L., Gabriele, R. M. C., Bradshaw, T. Y., Leckey, C. A., Belder, C. R. S., Chávez‐Gutiérrez, L., de Silva, R., Fox, N. C., Wray, S., Oxtoby, N. P., et al. (2026) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcag105 · Cited by 3
“A first step on this path would be to test the five A β peptides in iPSC models of LOAD, such as those developed in the literature, 27,28 and patient-derived blood plasma.”
Sanyal, A., Scanavachi, G., Somerville, E., Aylan, B., Costa-Filho, J. I., Brooks, F. A., Dickson, J. R., Hyman, B. T., & Kirchhausen, T. L. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.02.686178 · Cited by 2
Liu, J., Zhao, W., Zhang, Z., Ai, X., Cao, B., Zhang, Z., & Ma, D. (2025) · Stem Cell Reviews and Reports · doi:10.1007/s12015-025-10931-7 · Cited by 3
“Ensuring that these induced neurons exhibit senescence and epigenetic characteristics akin to mature substantia nigra neurons in patients remains a critical area for investigation [117].”
Ortlund, E. A., Chen, C.-Y., Maner-Smith, K., Khadka, M., Ahn, J., Gulbin, X., Ivanova, A., Dammer, E., Seyfried, N., Bennett, D. A., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3973736/v1 · Cited by 3
Self-citationSit, T. P. H., Feord, R., Dunn, A. W. E., Chabros, J., Oluigbo, D., Smith, H., Burn, L., Chang, E., Boschi, A., Yuan, Y., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.02.05.578738 · Cited by 3
“2D human iPSC-derived neuronal cultures show a developmental increase in firing rates and bursting activity that may reveal disease-related phenotypes at the microscale 16,17 .”
Telpoukhovskaia, M. A., Murdy, T. J., Marola, O. J., Charland, K., MacLean, M., Luquez, T., Lish, A. M., Neuner, S. M., Dunn, A. R., Onos, K. D., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12458 · Cited by 2
“…stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons from 53 religious orders study and memory aging project (ROSMAP) participants for whom deep cognitive phenotyping and brain-tissue data areavailableweredevelopedandcharacterized 45 includingindividuals cognitively resilient and susceptible to AD pathology.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Lagomarsino, V. N., Pearse, R. V., Liu, L., Hsieh, Y.-C., Fernandez, M. A., Vinton, E. A., Paull, D., Felsky, D., Tasaki, S., Gaiteri, C., Vardarajan, B., Lee, H., Muratore, C. R., Benoit, C. R., Chou, V., Fancher, S. B., He, A., Merchant, J. P., Duong, D. M., Martinez, H., Zhou, M., Bah, F., Vicent, M. A., Stricker, J. M. S., Xu, J., Dammer, E. B., Levey, A. I., Chibnik, L. B., Menon, V., Seyfried, N. T., De Jager, P. L., Noggle, S., Selkoe, D. J., Bennett, D. A., & Young-Pearse, T. L.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- New York Stem Cell Foundation (US)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Emory University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- ORCID
- Lagomarsino, Valentina N.
- Pearse, Richard V.
- Liu, Lei
- Hsieh, Yi-Chen
- Fernandez, Marty A.
- Vinton, Elizabeth A.
- Paull, Daniel
- Felsky, Daniel
- Tasaki, Shinya
- Gaiteri, Chris
- Vardarajan, Badri
- Lee, Hyo
- Benoit, Courtney R.
- Chou, Vicky
- Merchant, Julie P.
- Duong, Duc M.
- Stricker, Jonathan M.S.
- Xu, Jishu
- Dammer, Eric B.
- Levey, Allan I.
- Chibnik, Lori B.
- Menon, Vilas
- Seyfried, Nicholas T.
- Noggle, Scott
- Selkoe, Dennis J.
- Bennett, David A.
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-11
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 3402-3420.e9
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8571042
- OpenAlex
- W3198364341
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 16.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 367 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R21MH118576, R01AG055909, RF1AG057440, R01AG061798, U01AG046170, R21AG056011, U01AG061356, R01NS117446, R01AG061894)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG30146, R01AG36836, U01AG32984, U01AG46152, R01AG15819, R01AG017917, P30AG10161)
- New York Stem Cell Foundation
- Lawrence Ellison Foundation
- Illinois Department of Public Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Pluripotent Stem Cells Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, iPSC-derived neurons, genetic risk, amyloid-beta, tau protein, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, cognitive decline, neuropathology, proteomic profiling, RNA profiling, protein networks, brain tissue
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Cognition, Humans, Neurons, Amyloid beta-Peptides, tau Proteins, Proteomics, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
