Exercise and cardiovascular health: A state-of-the-art review
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, and low levels of physical activity (PA) is a leading independent predictor of poor CV health and associated with an increased prevalence of risk factors that predispose to CVD development. In this review, we evaluate the benefits of exercise on CV health. We discuss the CV adaptations to exercise, focusing on the physiological changes in the heart and vasculature. We review the impact and benefits of exercise on specific CV prevention, including type II diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, and heart failure, in addition to CVD-related and all-cause mortality. Lastly, we evaluate the current PA guidelines and various modes of exercise, assessing the current literature for the effective regimens of PA that improve CVD outcomes.
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CVD remains the leading cause of mortality among diabetic patients.
“CVD, one of the most severe systemic complications of diabetes, remains the leading cause of mortality among diabetic patients [9, 81, 82].”
From Artificial intelligence-powered prediction of diabetic complications: from clinical data to molecular omics (2026) · cites this paper as [82]
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References 119 · Cited by 176
- Authors
- Isath, A., Koziol, K. J., Martinez, M. W., Garber, C. E., Martinez, M. N., Emery, M. S., Baggish, A. L., Naidu, S. S., Lavie, C. J., Arena, R., & Krittanawong, C.
- Affiliations
- Westchester Medical Center (US)
- New York Medical College (US)
- Morristown Medical Center (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Krittanawong, Chayakrit
- ORCID
- Venue
- Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-07
- Volume
- 79
- Pages
- 44-52
- ISSN
- 0033-0620 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4367187790
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 8
- FWCI
- 10.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Touro Scholar (Touro College) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Keywords
- physical activity, cardiovascular health, cardiovascular disease prevention, heart, vascular system, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, heart failure, cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, physical activity guidelines, exercise mode
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiovascular System, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Risk Factors, Exercise
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