Cited by 317Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchTryptophan and brain disordersNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms

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Elevation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Autistic Children

Chez, Michael G., Dowling, Tim, Patel, Pikul B., Khanna, Pavan, Kominsky, Matt·2007·Pediatric Neurology

DOI 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.01.012

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Abstract

Recent reports implicating elevated cytokines in the central nervous system in a small number of patients studied with autism have reported clinical regression. These studies have not focused on tumor necrosis factor-alpha as a possible marker for inflammatory damage. A series of 10 children with autism had clinical evaluation of their serum and spinal fluid for inflammatory changes and possible metabolic disease as part of their neurological evaluation. Elevation of cerebrospinal fluid levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha was significantly higher (mean = 104.10 pg/mL) than concurrent serum levels (mean = 2.78 pg/mL) in all of the patients studied. The ratio of the cerebrospinal fluid levels to serum levels averaged 53.7:1. This ratio is significantly higher than the elevations reported for other pathological states for which cerebrospinal fluid and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels have been simultaneously measured. This observation may offer a unique insight into central nervous system inflammatory mechanisms that may contribute to the onset of autism and may serve as a potential clinical marker. More controlled study of this potentially important observation may prove valuable.

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“In patients with autism, active inflammatory processes in the brain (cerebellum and cerebral cortex) were also found [74].”
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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A potential mechanistic role for neuroinflammation in reward processing impairments in autism spectrum disorder
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“Similarly, expression of proinflammatory cytokines was found in the brains and serum of patients with autism (Chez et al., 2007; Ratnayake et al., 2013).”
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Improving the Prediction of Response to Therapy in Autism
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Dietary Phytochemicals as Neurotherapeutics for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Plausible Mechanism and Evidence
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Tumour necrosis factor-mediated homeostatic synaptic plasticity in behavioural models: testing a role in maternal immune activation
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The role of nutrition and gut microbiome in childhood brain development and behavior
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Decreased cortical Nrf2 gene expression in autism and its relationship to thiol and cobalamin status
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Reduced expression of α5GABAA receptors elicits autism-like alterations in EEG patterns and sleep-wake behavior
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“Individuals with ASD can exhibit exaggerated immune responses and elevated baseline levels of circulating cytokines are present in cerebrospinal fluid (Patterson, 2009; Vargas et al., 2005; Chez et al., 2007).”
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Immune Contributions to Cause and Effect in Autism Spectrum Disorder
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The Stat3 inhibitor, S3I-201, downregulates lymphocyte activation markers, chemokine receptors, and inflammatory cytokines in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J mouse model of autism
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“responses in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and other tissues, have been reported([3,13,57-63]).”
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The potent immunomodulatory compound VGX-1027 regulates inflammatory mediators in CD4+ T cells, which are concomitant with the prevention of neuroimmune dysregulation in BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J mice
Ahmad, S. F., Nadeem, A., Ansari, M. A., Bakheet, S. A., Alasmari, F. F., Alasmari, A. F., Al‐Kharashi, L. A., Alqahtani, Q. H., & Attia, S. M. (2019) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116930 · Cited by 17
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Downregulation in Helios transcription factor signaling is associated with immune dysfunction in blood leukocytes of autistic children
Ahmad, S. F., Nadeem, A., Ansari, M. A., Bakheet, S. A., AL-Ayadhi, L. Y., & Attia, S. M. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.04.011 · Cited by 17
“Previously increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with ASD were observed (Chez et al., 2007).”
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Smedler, E., Kleppe, J., Neufeld, J., Remnélius, K. L., Bölte, S., & Landén, M. (2021) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15338 · Cited by 17
“…studies investigating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in ASD had relatively small sample sizes and reported higher concentrations of macrophage chemoattractant protein [MCP- 1 (Vargas et al., 2005)] and tumor necrosis factor α [TNF α (Chez et al., 2007)] compared to typically developing controls.”
DAPTA, a C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) antagonist attenuates immune aberrations by downregulating Th9/Th17 immune responses in BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J mice
Ahmad, S. F., Ansari, M. A., Nadeem, A., Bakheet, S. A., Alotaibi, M. R., Alasmari, A. F., Alshammari, M. A., Al‐Mazroua, H. A., & Attia, S. M. (2019) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.01.016 · Cited by 17
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“The neuroinflammation is characterized by increased TGF-alpha in the cerebrospinal fluid coupled with a shift toward Th2 immunity (Cohly and Panja, 2005; Chez et al., 2007) In summation, during key stages of neurodevelopment, the beta2-adrenoreceptors are sensitized rather than desensitized.”
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Maternal Immune Activation, Cytokines and Autism
Patterson, P. H., Xu, W., Smith, S. E. P., & Devarman, B. E. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-489-0_13 · Cited by 17
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Altered cytokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of adult patients with autism spectrum disorder
Runge, K., Fiebich, B. L., Kuzior, H., Rausch, J., Maier, S. J., Dersch, R. S., Nickel, K., Domschke, K., van Elst, L. T., & Endres, D. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.12.032 · Cited by 18
Neuroimmune mechanisms in autism etiology - untangling a complex problem using human cellular models
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Proposed Toxic and Hypoxic Impairment of a Brainstem Locus in Autism
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“In ASDs, TNF is elevated in CSF [234] and central in origin [235].”
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Cord and Early Childhood Plasma Adiponectin Levels and Autism Risk: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study
Raghavan, R., Fallin, M. D., Hong, X., Wang, G.-Y., Ji, Y.-L., Stuart, E., Paige, D., & Wang, X.-B. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3688-5 · Cited by 13
Investigating brain–gut microbiota dynamics and inflammatory processes in an autistic-like rat model using MRI biomarkers during childhood and adolescence
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The Antiepileptic Drug and Toxic Teratogen Valproic Acid Alters Microglia in an Environmental Mouse Model of Autism
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BackgroundInfluential
Mechanistic biomarkers for autism treatment
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CXCR2 antagonist SB332235 mitigates deficits in social behavior and dysregulation of Th1/Th22 and T regulatory cell-related transcription factor signaling in male BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J mouse model of autism
Albekairi, N. A., Nadeem, A., Ansari, M. A., Attia, S. M., Bakheet, S. A., Alanazi, M. M., Alhamed, A. S., Albekairi, T. H., Al‐Mazroua, H. A., Ibrahim, K. E., et al. (2022) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173408 · Cited by 14
GC1f Vitamin D Binding Protein Isoform as a Marker of Severity in Autism Spectrum Disorders
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A potent and selective CXCR2 antagonist improves neuroimmune dysregulation through the inhibition of NF-κB and notch inflammatory signaling in the BTBR mouse model of autism
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An In Vivo Model of Propionic Acid-Rich Diet-Induced Gliosis and Neuro-Inflammation in Mice (FVB/N-Tg(GFAPGFP)14Mes/J): A Potential Link to Autism Spectrum Disorder
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The early life exposome and autism risk: a role for the maternal microbiome?
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Safety and Observations in a Pilot Study of Lenalidomide for Treatment in Autism
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Self-citation

Authors: Chez, M. G., Dowling, T., Patel, P. B., Khanna, P., & Kominsky, M.
Affiliations: Sutter Health (US)
Illinois State University (US)
Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (US)
Corresponding author: Chez, Michael G.
ORCID: Chez, Michael G.
Venue: Pediatric Neurology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-06
Volume: 36
Issue: 6
Pages: 361-365
ISSN: 0887-8994 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.01.012
OpenAlex: W2063547860
Cited by: 317
References: 16
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 7.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Pediatric Neurology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Keywords: TNF-α, cerebrospinal fluid, autism spectrum disorder, cytokines, neuroinflammation, biomarkers
MeSH terms: Autistic Disorder, Central Nervous System, Child, Child, Preschool, Encephalitis, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Biomarkers, Early Diagnosis

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Elevation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Autistic Children

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