The DOI matches its Crossref record; 226 of the 226 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Pharmacologic treatments for gastroparesis
Open accessAbstract
Gastroparesis is a neurogastrointestinal disorder of motility in which patients experience symptoms of nausea, vomiting, bloating, early satiety, postprandial fullness, upper abdominal discomfort or pain, and delayed gastric emptying of solids based on scintigraphy or stable isotope breath test when mechanical obstruction has been excluded. Symptoms of gastroparesis may result from diverse pathophysiological mechanisms, including antroduodenal hypomotility, pylorospasm, increased gastric accommodation, and visceral hypersensitivity. The most common etiologies of gastroparesis are idiopathic, diabetic, and postsurgical, and less frequent causes are neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson's disease), myopathies (scleroderma, amyloidosis), medication-induced (glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists and opioid agents), and paraneoplastic syndrome. This review addresses pharmacologic management of gastroparesis including prokinetic and antiemetic agents, pharmacologic agents targeting the pylorus, and effects of neuromodulators. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Gastroparesis is a neurogastrointestinal motility disorder characterized by delayed gastric emptying without mechanical obstruction with numerous upper gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea and vomiting. The management of gastroparesis involves nutritional support, medications, and procedures. The only Food and Drug Administration-approved medication for gastroparesis is metoclopramide. This article reviews the pharmacology and efficacy of all classes of antiemetics or prokinetic effects used in gastroparesis. There is still a considerable unmet need for efficacious medications specifically for the treatment of gastroparesis, especially in refractory cases.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Prokinetics, such as metoclopramide and erythromycin, modifies emptying times and may require earlier or split bolus dosing to avoid early hypoglycemia [2, 3, 14, 119, 120]”
From Diabetic gastroparesis: pathophysiology and impact on insulin timing choices (2026) · cites this paper as [120]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Metoclopramide, the only drug approved by the FDA for gastroparesis, is limited to < 12 weeks due to extrapyramidal and tardive dyskinesia risk [3, 14, 120, 121]”
From Diabetic gastroparesis: pathophysiology and impact on insulin timing choices (2026) · cites this paper as [120]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“although their efficacy is often limited and long-term use requires careful monitorg for adverse effects [2, 14, 120].”
From Diabetic gastroparesis: pathophysiology and impact on insulin timing choices (2026) · cites this paper as [120]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Clinical Guideline: Management of Gastroparesis
Camilleri, M., Parkman, H. P., Shafi, M. A., Abell, T. L., & Gerson, L. (2013) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2012.373 · Cited by 1,149
Self-citationImprovement of gastric emptying in diabetic gastroparesis by erythromycin. Preliminary studies.
Janssens, J., Peeters, T., Vantrappen, G., Tack, J., Urbain, J., Roo, M. D. D., Muls, E., & Bouillon, R. (1990) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199004123221502 · Cited by 739
Enteric nervous system: sensory transduction, neural circuits and gastrointestinal motility
Spencer, N. J., & Hu, H. (2020) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-020-0271-2 · Cited by 634
Self-Maintaining Gut Macrophages Are Essential for Intestinal Homeostasis
Schepper, S. D., Verheijden, S., Aguilera‐Lizarraga, J., Viola, M. F., Boesmans, W., Stakenborg, N., Voytyuk, I., Schmidt, I., Boeckx, B., de Casterlé, I. D., et al. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.048 · Cited by 602
Soykan, I., Sivri, B., Sarosiek, I., Kiernan, B., & Mccallum, R. W. (1998) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1023/a:1026665728213 · Cited by 575
Jung, H., Choung, R. S., Locke, G. R., Schleck, C. D., Zinsmeister, A. R., Szarka, L. A., Mullan, B., & Talley, N. J. (2009) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.047 · Cited by 571
Involvement of nitric oxide in the reflex relaxation of the stomach to accommodate food or fluid
Desai, K., Sessa, W., & Vane, J. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/351477a0 · Cited by 525
Interstitial cells of Cajal mediate inhibitory neurotransmission in the stomach.
Burns, A., Lomax, A. E., Torihashi, S., Sanders, K., & Ward, S. M. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.21.12008 · Cited by 520
Interstitial Cells: Regulators of Smooth Muscle Function
Sanders, K. M., Ward, S. M., & Koh, S. D. (2014) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00037.2013 · Cited by 502
Regulation of gastrointestinal motility—insights from smooth muscle biology
Sanders, K. M., Koh, S. D., Ro, S., & Ward, S. M. (2012) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2012.168 · Cited by 473
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Braun, 1989, Domperidone in the treatment of symptoms of delayed gastric emptying in diabetic patients, Adv Ther, 6, 51
- Kozarek, 1990, Domperidone for symptomatic management of diabetic gastroparesis in metoclopramide treatment failures, Adv Ther, 7, 61
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ni, Q., Wu, C., Lang, D.-Q., Cai, W.-F., Chen, Q.-C., Jiang, C.-P., Yi, Y.-K., Liu, L., & Shen, C.-Y. (2025) · Industrial crops and products (Print) · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121466 · Cited by 4
Progress in Gastroparesis Management: From Pharmacotherapy to Interventional Treatments
Kumar, G., Shah, Y., Rooman, U., Patel, R., Asifa, S., Salah, Q. M., Dahiya, D. S., Dhali, A., Arsene, C., & Ali, M. I. (2026) · JGH Open · doi:10.1002/jgh3.70377 · Cited by 2
Wang, Z., Ma, M., Wu, X., Xu, X., Xu, X., Cui, B., Wen, Q., Lv, K., Wang, J., & Zhang, F. (2026) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2026.2718626 · Cited by 1
“Delayed gastric emptying is an important manifestation of several disorders, including diabetes and medication-related gastrointestinal adverse effects [1,2].”
Diabetic gastroparesis: pathophysiology and impact on insulin timing choices
Galeano, F., Tumminia, A., Oteri, V., Le Moli, R., Piticchio, T., Scilletta, S., Di Marco, M., Di Pino, A., & Frasca, F. (2026) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-026-04693-6
Xu, H., He, Y., Wu, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, F., & Fan, Y. (2026) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.70418
Baccari, M. C., Nistri, S., Cinelli, E., Mutolo, D., & Idrizaj, E. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27188373
“…are implicated in several gastrointestinal disorders, including functional dyspepsia, gas-troparesis, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, postoperative ileus, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetic enteropathy, and obesity-associated intestinal inflammation [13,35–39].”
Wilder, A., Morris, C., Patel, D. R., & Setya, A. (2026) · Children · doi:10.3390/children13070960
Liver cirrhosis and gastrointestinal motility disorders: From mechanisms to clinical practice
Wang, T.-Z., & Ye, Q. (2026) · World Chinese Journal of Digestology · doi:10.11569/wcjd.v34.i5.368
Diabetes and Gastroparesis: New Concepts and Insights
Leto, G., Crispino, P., Viceconti, A., & Camardo, V. (2026) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology7050093
Qi, M., Shen, Q.-Y., Kang, K., Hong, M., Zhu, B., & Ren, G. (2026) · Journal of Molecular Structure · doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2026.145877 · Cited by 1
A study on predicting malnutrition risk in Parkinson’s disease patients using a nomogram model
Huang, Q.-X., Xu, H.-H., Luo, Y., Zhou, J., Li, M.-J., Li, Y., Xue, Q., Wang, Z., Zou, Z., Bashir, H., et al. (2025) · Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100403
La gastroparésie au cours du diabète : diagnostic et traitement
Bonaz, B. L. (2025) · Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques · doi:10.1016/j.mmm.2025.09.004
Metadata
- Authors
- Camilleri, M., & Jencks, K. J.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Camilleri, Michael
- Venue
- Pharmacological Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-03
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 100019
- ISSN
- 0031-6997 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC12599987
- OpenAlex
- W4406090389
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 226
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 4
- FWCI
- 3.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Pharmacological Reviews (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Nausea and vomiting management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastroesophageal reflux and treatments
- Keywords
- gastroparesis, delayed gastric emptying, prokinetic agents, antiemetics, metoclopramide, neuromodulators, diabetic gastroparesis, visceral hypersensitivity, GLP-1 receptor agonists, refractory gastroparesis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antiemetics, Gastric Emptying, Gastrointestinal Agents, Humans, Gastroparesis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
