Flavonoids as Th1/Th2 cytokines immunomodulators: A systematic review of studies on animal models.
Abstract
Background Flavonoids are naturally occurring compounds, extensively distributed in plants. T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cytokines balance plays an essential role in the reaction of inflammatory, allergic and infectious processes and transplantation rejection.Purpose This systematic review focuses on various classes of flavonoids with a view to evaluate whether Th1/Th2 cytokine-mediated pathways of immunoenhancement could reduce immune overwhelming reactions.Methods Articles in English published from inception to December 2017 reporting flavonoids with immunomodulatory activity for the management of immune-mediated disorders were acquired from PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science and a animal experiments where Th1 and Th2 cytokines were investigated to assess the outcome of immunoregulatory therapy were included.Chapters 1809 publications were identified and 26 were included in this review. Ten articles described the effect of flavonoids on allergic inflammation in an animal model of asthma; eleven in vivo studies evaluated the immunomodulating and immunosuppressive effects of flavonoids on Th1/Th2 cytokines production and five reports described the regulatory role of flavonoids for Th1/Th2 cytokine responses to experimental arthritis and myocarditis. Modulation of Th1/Th2 cytokine balance, inhibition of eosinophil accumulation and remodeling of the airways and lungs, downregulation of Notch and PI3K signaling pathways, regulation of CD4 + /CD8 + lymphocytes ratio and decreasing inflammatory mediator expressions levels are among the most important immunopharmacological mechanisms for the retrieved flavonoids.Conclusion Naturally occurring flavonoids discussed in the present article have optimal immunomodulation to prevent immune-mediated disorders through management of Th1/Th2 cytokine balance.
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Both Th1 and Th2 cells can release cytokines, which boost their proliferation while inhibiting each other to maintain a relative equilibrium; when the equilibrium is disrupted (Th1/Th2 drift), it can result in the emergence and development of disorders associated with immunological escape.
“Both Th1 and Th2 cells can release cytokines, which can boost their proliferation while inhibiting each other to maintain a relative equilibrium. When the equilibrium is disrupted, also known as”
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References 60 · Cited by 101
- Authors
- Gandhi, G. R., Neta, M. T. S. L., Sathiyabama, R. G., Quintans, J. D. S. S., de Oliveira e Silva, A. M., Araújo, A. A. D. S., Narain, N., Júnior, L. J. Q., & Gurgel, R. Q.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Gandhi, Gopalsamy Rajiv
- ORCID
- Venue
- Phytomedicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-05
- Volume
- 44
- Pages
- 74-84
- ISSN
- 0944-7113 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2789292814
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 1.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Phytomedicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Programa Nacional de Pós Doutorado da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (PNPD/CAPES) for assistance in the form of a Postdoctoral Internship (1666288)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Flavonoids in Medical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal plant effects and applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- flavonoids, Th1/Th2 cytokines, immunomodulation, allergic inflammation, asthma, experimental arthritis, myocarditis, eosinophil accumulation, airway remodeling, Notch signaling, PI3K signaling, CD4/CD8 ratio, immunosuppression, immune-mediated diseases
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Asthma, Disease Models, Animal, Eosinophils, Flavonoids, Hypersensitivity, Immunologic Factors, Inflammation, Lung, Myocarditis, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Cytokines, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Th1 Cells, Th2 Cells, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
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