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Origin and evolution of metabolic pathways
Abstract
The emergence and evolution of metabolic pathways represented a crucial step in molecular and cellular evolution. In fact, the exhaustion of the prebiotic supply of amino acids and other compounds that were likely present in the ancestral environment, imposed an important selective pressure, favoring those primordial heterotrophic cells which became capable of synthesizing those molecules. Thus, the emergence of metabolic pathways allowed primitive organisms to become increasingly less-dependent on exogenous sources of organic compounds. Comparative analyses of genes and genomes from organisms belonging to Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya revealed that, during evolution, different forces and molecular mechanisms might have driven the shaping of genomes and the arisal of new metabolic abilities. Among these gene elongations, gene and operon duplications undoubtedly played a major role since they can lead to the (immediate) appearance of new genetic material that, in turn, might undergo evolutionary divergence giving rise to new genes coding for new metabolic abilities. Gene duplication has been invoked in the different schemes proposed to explain why and how the extant metabolic pathways have arisen and shaped. Both the analysis of completely sequenced genomes and directed evolution experiments strongly support one of them, i.e. the patchwork hypothesis, according to which metabolic pathways have been assembled through the recruitment of primitive enzymes that could react with a wide range of chemically related substrates. However, the analysis of the structure and organization of genes belonging to ancient metabolic pathways, such as histidine biosynthesis and nitrogen fixation, suggested that other different hypothesis, i.e. the retrograde hypothesis or the semi-enzymatic theory, may account for the arisal of some metabolic routes.
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“Being able to fine-tune the function of metabolic pathways like the TCA cycle—in particular, to toggle between catabolic and anabolic activity—set the stage for early unicellular life forms to evolve into multicellular organisms, which require coordination of metabolic activity beyond that dictated by local nutrient availability (29, 30).”
From Regulation and function of the mammalian tricarboxylic acid cycle (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fani, R., & Fondi, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Florence (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Fani, Renato
- Venue
- Physics of Life Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-52
- ISSN
- 1571-0645 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1974232498
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 4.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physics of Life Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Keywords
- origin of metabolism, metabolic pathway evolution, gene duplication, histidine biosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, heterotrophy, genome evolution, archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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