Comparing and theorizing state–diaspora relations

“…and explaining state-diaspora relations Though the term ‘diaspora’ was once reserved for a few archetypal groups that had managed to maintain an intact identity despite traumatic dispersal in the distant past, it is now seen more as an indicator of identity in flux (Cohen, 2008; Safran, 1991).”

“Tapping into the development potential of migration Much recent interest in state-diaspora relations is linked to a resurgence in optimism about the relationship between migration and development (De Haas, 2010; Faist, 2008; Gamlen, 2014; Skeldon, 2008; Spaan, Van Naerssen, & Hillmann, 2005).”

“…(Stark & Bloom, 1985) placed migrant remittances at the center of migration theory: where credit and insurance markets were weak, households sent emigrants abroad so as to access remittances to tide them through insecure times and allow economic expansion (Massey & Parrado, 1994; Taylor, 1999).”

“Tapping into the development potential of migration Much recent interest in state-diaspora relations is linked to a resurgence in optimism about the relationship between migration and development (De Haas, 2010; Faist, 2008; Gamlen, 2014; Skeldon, 2008; Spaan, Van Naerssen, & Hillmann, 2005).”

“Rather than fixed social entities, diasporas are now recognized as constituency-building projects initiated and led by political entrepreneurs in origin states and abroad (Brubaker, 2005; Dufoix, 2008; Mavroudi, 2007; S€okefeld, 2006; Vertovec, 1997; Waldinger, 2008).”

“Rather than fixed social entities, diasporas are now recognized as constituency-building projects initiated and led by political entrepreneurs in origin states and abroad (Brubaker, 2005; Dufoix, 2008; Mavroudi, 2007; S€okefeld, 2006; Vertovec, 1997; Waldinger, 2008).”

“Recent research has traced these trends, introducing terms such as “nations of emigrants” (Fitzgerald, 2009), “emigration nations” (Collyer, 2013), and “emigration states” (Gamlen, 2008a) to counterbalance the traditional focus of migration research on “immigration nations”.”

“To play their part, origin states must facilitate remittance flows (Barry, 2006; De Haas & Plug, 2006; Iskander, 2010; Itzigsohn, 2000), and solicit philanthropic donations, tourist dollars and investments from and through their diasporas (e.g. see Kuznetsov& Sabel, 2006; Newland & Patrick, 2004;…”

“…by the memory of violent dispersal (Demmers, 2007, p. 15), and who nurse ethnic grudges against homeland elites (Collier & Hoeffler, 2004, p. 575), perhaps even financing anti-state violence as “long-distance nationalists” (Anderson, 1992; Koser, 2003; Schiller & Fouron, 2001; Skrbi s, 2000).”

“Tapping into the development potential of migration Much recent interest in state-diaspora relations is linked to a resurgence in optimism about the relationship between migration and development (De Haas, 2010; Faist, 2008; Gamlen, 2014; Skeldon, 2008; Spaan, Van Naerssen, & Hillmann, 2005).”

“…of emigration (Brand, 2006; Collyer, 2013), identifying the institutional forms that characterize them (Agunias, 2009) as well as developing typologies (Gamlen, 2006; Levitt & Glick Schiller, 2004; Ragazzi, 2014) and theorizing on these developments (Brand, 2006; Iskander, 2010; Varadarajan, 2010).”

“…(Stark & Bloom, 1985) placed migrant remittances at the center of migration theory: where credit and insurance markets were weak, households sent emigrants abroad so as to access remittances to tide them through insecure times and allow economic expansion (Massey & Parrado, 1994; Taylor, 1999).”

“Alternatively, states may seek to tap into these nationalist passions, fostering groups who define themselves by heroic service to a cause at home (Shain, 2002), and who may be willing in times of strife to adopt the role of double-agents, intermediaries or peace envoys whilst abroad, or to return…”

“They must also capture the innovative scientific technologies and the market-fostering liberal ideals transferred home by migrants (Esman, 2009; Gillespie & Andriasova, 2008; Kapur, 2001; Riddle & Marano, 2008; Shain, 1999).”

“…by the memory of violent dispersal (Demmers, 2007, p. 15), and who nurse ethnic grudges against homeland elites (Collier & Hoeffler, 2004, p. 575), perhaps even financing anti-state violence as “long-distance nationalists” (Anderson, 1992; Koser, 2003; Schiller & Fouron, 2001; Skrbi s, 2000).”

“…investments and expertise of emigrants and their descendants (Goldring, 1998; Itzigsohn, 2000), while responding to the diaspora's growing claims for political and social rights (see inter alia Barry, 2006; Brand, 2006; Escobar, 2006; Fitzgerald, 2000; Green & Weil, 2007; Smith, 2003a; 2003b).”

“…it is not universal: many recent studies see attempts to engage the diaspora as futile efforts to mitigate economic dependence by appealing to diaspora elites for investment (Dickinson & Bailey, 2007; Faist, 2008; Larner, 2007; Mullings, 2011; Pellerin & Mullings, 2013; Varadarajan, 2010) .”

“…of emigration (Brand, 2006; Collyer, 2013), identifying the institutional forms that characterize them (Agunias, 2009) as well as developing typologies (Gamlen, 2006; Levitt & Glick Schiller, 2004; Ragazzi, 2014) and theorizing on these developments (Brand, 2006; Iskander, 2010; Varadarajan, 2010).”

“Such state-diaspora relations are not new (e.g. see Cano & D elano, 2007; Choate, 2008; Green & Weil, 2007), but they have proliferated since the 1990s.”

“…area of research have made great strides in explaining the various factors that drive or shape states' policies toward various forms of emigration (Brand, 2006; Collyer, 2013), identifying the institutional forms that characterize them (Agunias, 2009) as well as developing typologies (Gamlen,…”

“…of emigration (Brand, 2006; Collyer, 2013), identifying the institutional forms that characterize them (Agunias, 2009) as well as developing typologies (Gamlen, 2006; Levitt & Glick Schiller, 2004; Ragazzi, 2014) and theorizing on these developments (Brand, 2006; Iskander, 2010; Varadarajan, 2010).”

“…it is not universal: many recent studies see attempts to engage the diaspora as futile efforts to mitigate economic dependence by appealing to diaspora elites for investment (Dickinson & Bailey, 2007; Faist, 2008; Larner, 2007; Mullings, 2011; Pellerin & Mullings, 2013; Varadarajan, 2010) .”

“Rather than fixed social entities, diasporas are now recognized as constituency-building projects initiated and led by political entrepreneurs in origin states and abroad (Brubaker, 2005; Dufoix, 2008; Mavroudi, 2007; S€okefeld, 2006; Vertovec, 1997; Waldinger, 2008).”

“…it is not universal: many recent studies see attempts to engage the diaspora as futile efforts to mitigate economic dependence by appealing to diaspora elites for investment (Dickinson & Bailey, 2007; Faist, 2008; Larner, 2007; Mullings, 2011; Pellerin & Mullings, 2013; Varadarajan, 2010) .”

“Tapping into the development potential of migration Much recent interest in state-diaspora relations is linked to a resurgence in optimism about the relationship between migration and development (De Haas, 2010; Faist, 2008; Gamlen, 2014; Skeldon, 2008; Spaan, Van Naerssen, & Hillmann, 2005).”

“…achieve an international ‘win-win-win’ outcome from migration, in which migrants exercise the freedom to move and benefit themselves materially (De Haas & Plug, 2006; United Nations Development Programme, 2009), while destination states get cheap labor and skills (Massey et al., 1998: 28e29),…”

“…state and the legal status of migrants in that state, the relationship between home and host state, the role of international or regional organizations, and the specific international norms mediating aspects of the state-diaspora relationship (Brand, 2006, 2014; D elano, 2011; Waterbury, 2010a).”

“…it is not universal: many recent studies see attempts to engage the diaspora as futile efforts to mitigate economic dependence by appealing to diaspora elites for investment (Dickinson & Bailey, 2007; Faist, 2008; Larner, 2007; Mullings, 2011; Pellerin & Mullings, 2013; Varadarajan, 2010) .”

“…to the thickening of existing diaspora networks (Portes, Guarnizo, & Landolt, 1999), or attempting to engineer new diasporas for strategic purposes (Margheritis, 2007), such origin-state efforts to engage diasporas redefine the parameters of citizenship and of the state itself (Levitt & de la…”

“Some heads of state have proclaimed to govern on behalf of ‘their’ people living abroad, throwing glitzy celebrations for diaspora elites who they recast as national heroes instead of deserters (see inter alia Durand, 2004; Martinez-Salda~na, 2003; Nyiri, 2004; Østergaard-Nielsen, 2003).”

“…investments and expertise of emigrants and their descendants (Goldring, 1998; Itzigsohn, 2000), while responding to the diaspora's growing claims for political and social rights (see inter alia Barry, 2006; Brand, 2006; Escobar, 2006; Fitzgerald, 2000; Green & Weil, 2007; Smith, 2003a; 2003b).”

“…by U C LA Biom edical Library Serials user on 28 Septem ber 2018 2005), authorities routinely permeate borders in order to pursue threats and exercise some degree of “governmentality” over their citizens abroad (Gamlen 2014; see also Bauböck 2003; Délano and Gamlen 2014).”

“…2003; Kapur 2010; Margheritis 2015) to how sending states themselves attempt to manage and control emigration, expatriates, diasporas, and citizens abroad (Brand 2006; Adamson and Demetriou 2007; FitzGerald 2009; Varadarajan 2010; Naujoks 2013; Délano and Gamlen 2014; Margheritis 2015).”

“Our central aims are to articulate these three perspectives and then investigate empirical support for each perspective using broad-sample, cross-country statistical analyses called for in previous research (Délano and Gamlen 2014; Gamlen 2014a; Ragazzi 2014).”