The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 75 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Lack of empathy in patients with narcissistic personality disorder
Abstract
The study's objective was to empirically assess cognitive and emotional empathy in patients with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). To date, "lack of empathy" is a core feature of NPD solely based on clinical observation. The study's method was that forty-seven patients with NPD, 53 healthy controls, and 27 clinical controls with borderline personality disorder (BPD) were included in the study. Emotional and cognitive empathy were assessed with traditional questionnaire measures, the newly developed Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET), and the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC). The study's results were that individuals with NPD displayed significant impairments in emotional empathy on the MET. Furthermore, relative to BPD patients and healthy controls, NPD patients did not show deficits in cognitive empathy on the MET or MASC. Crucially, this empathic profile of NPD is not captured by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV for Axis II Disorders (SCID-II). The study's conclusions were that while NPD involves deficits in emotional empathy, cognitive empathy seems grossly unaffected.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“NPD is associated with neurophysiological deficits in emotional empathy, together with intact cognitive empathy, and influenced by a complex interaction between motivational, self-regulatory, and interpersonal processes (e.g., engagement versus disengagement), as well as by emotional dysregulation and intolerance (49–52).”
From Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Progress in Understanding and Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [49]
In the citing paper
“Subjects affected by narcissistic personality disorder show greater impairment in affective aspects while their cognitive part of empathy appears preserved.”
From The dark side of empathy in narcissistic personality disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Ritter et al. (17) demonstrated that people affected by NPD have issues in emotional, but not cognitive empathy, possibly because reading others’ emotions might be useful to reach personal purposes (31).”
From The dark side of empathy in narcissistic personality disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Research highlights main obstacles both in the bottom-up pathway among narcissists, but the cognitive parts of empathy seem damaged as well (3, 17, 18).”
From The dark side of empathy in narcissistic personality disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Evidence demonstrated a reduced deactivation of the right AI (rAI) and an increased activation of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), DLPFC, and premotor areas in reaction to non-emotional faces among HN people (17).”
From The dark side of empathy in narcissistic personality disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“The results obtained show low levels of emotional empathy in narcissists but normal levels of cognitive empathy.”
From Symptom severity and mindreading in narcissistic personality disorder. (2018) · cites this paper as [37]
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Widiger, T. A. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-009 · Cited by 19,766
(1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 19,139
Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach.
Davis, M. H. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113 · Cited by 10,272
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. B
Press, H. (1886) · Cited by 10,087
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed
Cooper, A. M., & Michels, R. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.1.128 · Cited by 7,419
The mini international neuropsychiatric interview
Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D. V., Hergueta, T., & Weiller, E. (1998) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80239-9 · Cited by 5,899
(1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,712
Empathy: its ultimate and proximate bases
Preston, S. D., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x02000018 · Cited by 4,126
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–287 of 287
Narcissistic Personality Disorder and Deviant Behavior
Russell, T. D., Holdren, S., & Ronningstam, E. F. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80882-2_13 · Cited by 6
Chapter 4. Theory and Practice of Mentalization-Based Treatment
BATEMAN, A. W., Choi-Kain, L. W., & Unruh, B. T. (2022) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615375233.gg04 · Cited by 8
Knopp, M., Burghardt, J., Oppenauer, C., Meyer, B., Moritz, S., & Sprung, M. S. (2023) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2023.209227 · Cited by 6
Dark Triad Personality Dimensions: A Literature Review in Career Choice
Hong, J.-Z. (2019) · Annals of Social Sciences & Management studies · doi:10.19080/asm.2019.03.555624 · Cited by 4
Davis, M. H. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397045-9.00208-1 · Cited by 4
Chokri, I., Peyrotte, M., Zanna, O., & Jarraya, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1407571 · Cited by 4
Alexander, A. W., & Wang, H. (2025) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000935 · Cited by 6
Narcissistic Rage and the Murder of Allison Baden-Clay
Scott, R. J., & Freckelton, I. R. (2017) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2017.1379113 · Cited by 4
Validation of computerized reflective function: A replication study
Ilagan, G. S., Iliakis, E. A., & Choi-Kain, L. W. (2020) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2020.1844920 · Cited by 3
Callous-Unemotional Traits and Empathy
Alshukri, S., Lewis, K., & Centifanti, L. C. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80882-2_7 · Cited by 3
What Factors Affect Empathy in People with Narcissism?
Yang, Y., & Oh, L. (2024) · Pacific Journal of Health · doi:10.56031/2576-215x.1058 · Cited by 3
Narcissistic Personality Disorder through psycholinguistic analysis and neuroscientific correlates
Elleuch, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1354258 · Cited by 4
Empathie: neurowissenschaftliche Grundlagen, klinische Implikationen und offene Fragestellungen
Ruckmann, J., & Rief, W. (2013) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000346611 · Cited by 3
Son, J.-W., & Ghim, H.-R. (2013) · Journal of korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.5765/jkacap.2013.24.3.109 · Cited by 3
Piñon, M., Forestier, A., & Diby, M. (2016) · Recherche en soins infirmiers · doi:10.3917/rsi.125.0061 · Cited by 3
Theory of mind in vulnerable and grandiose narcissism.
Aradhye, C., & Vonk, J. M. (2014) · Cited by 3
The interrelation of emotion regulation, anterior insula structure, and narcissistic traits
Schmidt, L., Dominguez-Ruiz, A., Meller, T., & Nenadić, I. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.05.002 · Cited by 2
Matthaeus, H., & Singer, T. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009342919.031 · Cited by 2
Knopp, M., Burghardt, J., Meyer, B., & Sprung, M. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.855038 · Cited by 3
Deutsch, R., & Roth, J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65297-8_4 · Cited by 2
Lavenne-Collot, N., Planche, P., & Vaivre‐Douret, L. (2025) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2025.101935 · Cited by 4
Schulze, L., & Roepke, S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54542-9_17 · Cited by 2
Self-citationCrossing Empirical and Clinical Studies on Narcissism:
Kawasaki, N. (2019) · The Annual Report of Educational Psychology in Japan · doi:10.5926/arepj.58.167 · Cited by 2
Living a good life?: Considering technology and pro-social behaviour
Bentley, W. (2019) · HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies · doi:10.4102/hts.v75i1.5557 · Cited by 2
김, 미., & Kim, J.-I. (2016) · Journal of Product Research · doi:10.36345/kacst.2016.34.4.002 · Cited by 1
Mentalization and Its Multidimensional Nature
Ahmadi, M., Bagherian-Sararoudi, R., & Mosavi, S. M. H. (2021) · Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences · doi:10.52547/rbs.18.4.616 · Cited by 2
Funk, L. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-48014-4_5 · Cited by 2
Zhussipbek, G., & Nagayeva, Z. (2023) · The International Journal of Children s Rights · doi:10.1163/15718182-31020005 · Cited by 2
Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Czarna, A. Z., Wróbel, M., Folger, L. F., Holtzman, N. S., Daley, J. R., & Foster, J. D. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544754.013.62 · Cited by 2
Automatic Imitation Is reduced In Narcissists but only in Egocentric Perspective-TakersPreprint
Bukowski, H., & Samson, D. (2020) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.31234/osf.io/t5ag8 · Cited by 2
Narcissists are not more egocentric: evidence from a performance-based perspective-taking measurePreprint
Bukowski, H., Bigot, A., & Samson, D. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/rtyfm · Cited by 3
BİNGÖL, N., & Bi̇lge, Y. (2023) · Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.57127/kpd.26024438.1274647 · Cited by 1
Cherrier, J.-F. (2013) · Santé mentale au Québec · doi:10.7202/1019195ar · Cited by 2
Klein, D. N., Bufferd, S. J., Dyson, M. W., & Danzig, A. P. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_36 · Cited by 1
DYNAMICS OF SERVANT LEADERSHIP, AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIP AND MINDFULNESS
Jain, S., & Daipuria, P. (2021) · Jurnal MANAJERIAL · doi:10.17509/manajerial.v20i1.23928 · Cited by 1
Personality Psychopathology and the Role of Self-Compassion
Sorem, E. B., Priebe, K., & Anderson, J. L. (2022) · Clinical Psychology and Special Education · doi:10.17759/cpse.2022110203 · Cited by 1
Narsisistik Özellikler ile Empati, Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları ve Utancın İlişkisi
Aydın, B. N. (2022) · MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi · doi:10.33206/mjss.1018673 · Cited by 2
Two-Wave Stability of Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism During Adolescence
Fontana, A., Cianfanelli, B., Verbaro, R., Cuzzocrea, G., Benzi, I. M. A., & Sideli, L. (2023) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001687 · Cited by 2
FARAJİ, H., & Ünlü, A. Ç. (2023) · EKLEKTIK Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.61150/eklektik.2023010204 · Cited by 1
Carvalho, L. D. F., Sette, C. P., & Pianowski, G. (2024) · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría · doi:10.1016/j.rcp.2024.03.004 · Cited by 1
Pan, J., Wu, H., Wang, Y., & Zhang, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1532940 · Cited by 2
Level-1 Visual Perspective Taking Performance in People with High Narcissistic TraitsPreprint
Ebrahimian, S., Mattan, B. D., & Rezaei, M. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-882601/v1 · Cited by 1
Etchepare, A. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7c81be38zd19dz4cbfz9c65z635d5cc88f51 · Cited by 1
Rotmans, S. (2014) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Bedeutung der Theory of Mind für die Psychotherapie der Depression
Dykierek, P., Schramm, E., & Berger, T. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24916-7_26
The Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Empirical Studies
Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät, I. (2014)
Psychologische und neurobiologische Grundlagen von Persönlichkeitsstörungen
Herpertz, S. C. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25476-5_18
Beitrag der Neurobiologie zum Verständnis der Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung
Psychiatrie, A. (2011)
Zusammenhang von Empathiefähigkeit und Serumoxytocinkonzentration bei 14-jährigen Jugendlichen
Lüdemann, K. (2016) · Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver · doi:10.17169/refubium-17450
Selbstverliebtheit, Anspruchshaltung und mangelnde Empathie
Lammers, C. (2017) · InFo Neurologie + Psychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s15005-017-2083-7
Self-citationCarraro, L., Spironelli, C., Poli, E., Bobbio, A., Castelli, L., Arcuri, L., & Angrilli, A. (2018) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.05.002
Ghiron, M. (2017) · City Research Online (City University London)
Peddis, I. (2018) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Huxley, E. (2018) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · doi:10.25911/5d11f87f68b10
The Development of Face Morphing Task to Assess Self Other Differentiation
Karan, E. (2019) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
Mancke, F., Herpertz, S. C., & Bertsch, K. (2015) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000136
المجید, ا. م. ع., منصور, ا. ک. ا., & النجيري, م. ا. (2020) · Mağallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Tarbiyyaẗ, Ǧāmiʿaẗ Al-Iskandariyyaẗ/Mağallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Tarbiyyaẗ, Ǧāmiʿaẗ Al-Iskandariyyaẗ · doi:10.21608/jealex.2020.152474
NARSİSİZMİN İLETİŞİM BECERİLERİNE ETKİSİ: ÖZGÜVENİN ARACI ROLÜ
Çi̇men, F., Seki, T., & Dilmaç, B. (2021) · Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.33418/ataunikkefd.861768
The Relationship of Pathological Narcissism to Empathic Functioning
McMaster, A. (2021) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
Mota, S., Leckelt, M., Utesch, K., Nestler, S., Humberg, S., Schröder–Abé, M., Schmukle, S. C., & Back, M. D. (2018) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/34hrj
Guelfi, J., & Logak, Z. (2012) · Encyclopédie médico-chirurgicale. Psychiatrie · doi:10.1016/s0246-1072(12)54567-0
(2020) · Dunod eBooks · doi:10.3917/dunod.besch.2020.01.0243
Mentaliser les conflits en thérapie de groupe : détruire et survivre, au service de la cohésion
Cherrier, J.-F., Francisco, A., & Lahaie, F.-S. (2022) · Santé mentale au Québec · doi:10.7202/1098899ar
Neurology, Physiology, and the Mind/Spirit Interface
VanPool, C. S., & VanPool, T. L. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25920-3_7 · Cited by 1
Narcissism, Cooperative Trust in R&D Cooperation, and Risk-Taking
Yu, H., Lin, X., Fan, Y. H., Yan, T., & Chen, Y. (2023) · Journal of Forensic Accounting Research · doi:10.2308/jfar-2022-012
Sanders, C. E. (2023) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc2178811
Relational and Social-Cognitive Predictors of PTSD in U.S. Combat Veterans: A Path Analysis
Smith, J. E. (2021) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc1808434
Empathy Deficits in the Development and Maintenance of Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Schramme, T. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009445955.021
Kaynar-Yaman, G., & Batıgün, A. D. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08178-z
Armony, J. L., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009342919.030
Carvalho, L. D. F., Sette, C. P., & Pianowski, G. (2025) · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.rcpeng.2025.11.002
Δ Empathic Intelligence in Scope and Practice
Schroder, V. (2026) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/09593543261418626
La cognition sociale et ses liens avec la neurocognition dans la schizophrénie
Dallagi-Belkilani, M. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/aa8d738az6204z4269za72bza294fac53ce6
Sanders, C. E., Miller, J. C., Tehrani, K. K. V., & Jenkins, S. R. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08607-z
Geukes), K. U. (., Leckelt, M., Nestler, S., Humberg, S., Schmukle, S., Schröder–Abé, M., Mota, S., & Back, M. D. (2024) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Wang, Y., Yang, S., Yang, Z., Huang, C., Hu, S., Zhang, Q., Wang, D., Ji, Y., Huang, J., Jiang, R., et al. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03631-2
Bıçakçı, B., Baytok, İ., Domdomoğlu, S., & Batur, S. C. (2026) · Current Research in Social Sciences · doi:10.30613/curesosc.1751252
Louis, P., Rigoulot, S., Gamache, D., Bernier, A., Blanc-Brillon, J. L., Savard, C., & Hétu, S. (2026) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-026-00358-y
Minimal Emotional Dysfunctions (MED) in Personality Disorders: A Narrative Review
Christensen, N., & Muschalla, B. (2026) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2026.40.4.374
Pauli, E., Dubach, S., Haase, C., Haefeli, A., Hund‐Georgiadis, M., Hattendorf, J., & Hediger, K. (2026) · Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.3389/fresc.2026.1818862
EMOTIONAL CONTAGION IN THE WORKPLACE: PERSONALITY-BASED ANTECEDENTS AND JOB PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES
Özsoy, T. (2026) · International Journal of Management Economics and Business · doi:10.17130/ijmeb.1855800
Metadata
- Authors
- Ritter, K., Dziobek, I., Preißler, S., Rüter, A., Vater, A., Fydrich, T., Lammers, C.-H., Heekeren, H. R., & Roepke, S.
- Affiliations
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development (DE)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- Asklepios (DE)
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Ritter, Kathrin
- Roepke, Stefan
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-05
- Volume
- 187
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 241-247
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2148003635
- Cited by
- 287
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 16.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Charité — University Medicine Berlin
- Sonnenfeld-Stiftung,” Berlin
- Cluster of Excellence “Languages of Emotion,” Berlin
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Keywords
- narcissistic personality disorder, empathy, affective empathy, cognitive empathy, borderline personality disorder, SCID-II, social cognition
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Cognition Disorders, Empathy, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Personality Disorders, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Statistics, Nonparametric, Mood Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review