The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Experimental and quasi-experimental designs in implementation research
Open accessAbstract
Implementation science is focused on maximizing the adoption, appropriate use, and sustainability of effective clinical practices in real world clinical settings. Many implementation science questions can be feasibly answered by fully experimental designs, typically in the form of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Implementation-focused RCTs, however, usually differ from traditional efficacy- or effectiveness-oriented RCTs on key parameters. Other implementation science questions are more suited to quasi-experimental designs, which are intended to estimate the effect of an intervention in the absence of randomization. These designs include pre-post designs with a non-equivalent control group, interrupted time series (ITS), and stepped wedges, the last of which require all participants to receive the intervention, but in a staggered fashion. In this article we review the use of experimental designs in implementation science, including recent methodological advances for implementation studies. We also review the use of quasi-experimental designs in implementation science, and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches. This article is therefore meant to be a practical guide for researchers who are interested in selecting the most appropriate study design to answer relevant implementation science questions, and thereby increase the rate at which effective clinical practices are adopted, spread, and sustained.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Quasiexperiments are appropriate for practical situations and ethical compliance for studies involving vulnerable participants such as older adults, 17 and allow scholars to conduct rigorous studies under certain limitations and non-control conditions. 18”
From Mixed reality technology for older adults: Evaluating the impact of a novel virtual humanoid coach in a community-based physical exercise program in the Philippines (2024) · cites this paper as [18]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Proctor, E., Silmere, H., Raghavan, R., Hovmand, P., Aarons, G., Bunger, A., Griffey, R., & Hensley, M. (2011) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-010-0319-7 · Cited by 8,721 · cited 1×
“Second, as a corollary of this point, implementation RCTs typically feature different outcome measures than efficacy or effectiveness RCTs, with an emphasis on the extent to which a health intervention was successfully implemented rather than an evaluation of the health effects of that intervention (Proctor et al., 20…”
BackgroundEvaluating the public health impact of health promotion interventions: the RE-AIM framework.
Glasgow, R. E., Vogt, T. M., & Boles, S. M. (1999) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.89.9.1322 · Cited by 7,217 · cited 1×
“A variety of evaluation-oriented implementation frameworks may guide the choices of such measures (e.g., RE-AIM; Gaglio et al., 2013; Glasgow et al., 1999).”
BackgroundFisher, R. A. (1936) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3923.554-a · Cited by 4,980
Curran, G. M., Bauer, M., Mittman, B., Pyne, J. M., & Stetler, C. (2012) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e3182408812 · Cited by 4,058 · cited 1×
“Hybrid implementation-effectiveness studies attend to both effectiveness and implementation outcomes (Curran et al., 2012); these designs are also covered in more detail elsewhere in this issue (Landes, this issue).”
BackgroundSegmented regression analysis of interrupted time series studies in medication use research
Wagner, A. K., Soumerai, S. B., Zhang, F., & Ross-Degnan, D. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2710.2002.00430.x · Cited by 3,279 · cited 2×
“More formally, ITS evaluations focus on identifying whether there is discontinuity in the trend (change in slope or level) after the intervention relative to before the intervention, using segmented regression to model pre- and post-intervention trends (Gebski et al., 2012; Penfold and Zhang, 2013; Taljaard et al., 20…”
BackgroundInterrupted time series regression for the evaluation of public health interventions: a tutorial
Lopez Bernal, J., Cummins, S., & Gasparrini, A. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw098 · Cited by 3,049 · cited 4×
“Relative to an RCT, ITS designs can also allow for a more comprehensive assessment of the longitudinal effects of an intervention (positive or negative), as effects can be traced over all included time points (Bernal et al., 2017; Penfold and Zhang, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialImproving Primary Care for Patients With Chronic Illness
Bodenheimer, T. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.14.1775 · Cited by 2,961
Organizing Care for Patients with Chronic Illness
Wagner, E. H., Austin, B. T., & Korff, M. V. (1996) · The Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3350391 · Cited by 2,877 · cited 1×
“, 2014) to implement care practices consistent with the collaborative chronic care model (CCM; Bodenheimer et al., 2002a, 2002b; Wagner et al., 1996) in nine outpatient mental health teams in VA medical centers.”
MethodTheory of Statistical Estimation
Fisher, R. A. (1925) · Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1017/s0305004100009580 · Cited by 2,684
Improving Primary Care for Patients With Chronic Illness: The Chronic Care Model, Part 2
Bodenheimer, T., Wagner, E. H., & Grumbach, K. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.15.1909 · Cited by 2,413
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Neumann, 2000, Replicating effective programs: HIV/AIDS prevention technology transfer, AIDS Educ. Prev., 12, 35
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 358
Augmented reality in engineering education: Strategic design and evidence-based results
Donaire, S., Barraza, R., Martínez-Pagán, P., Martínez-Segura, M., Álvarez, L., Yepes-Bellver, L., & Yepes, V. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0341815 · Cited by 1
Assessing STEAM’s Impact on Marine Awareness: The Moderating Effect of Critical Thinking
Suharti, S., Hapidin, H., & Yufiarti, Y. (2026) · Jurnal pendidikan anak · doi:10.21831/jpa.v15i1.2136 · Cited by 1
“The determination of the sample size was based on the intact group technique, which is characteristic of quasi-experimental designs where randomization of individual subjects is not feasible due to institutional constraints (Leyrat et al., 2024; Miller et al., 2020).”
Augustsson, S. R., Linner, S., Solstad, B., Ausland, Å., Bjärsholm, D., Ivarsson, A., Kjær, J., Larsson, M., Laxdal, A., Radovan, F., et al. (2026) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2025-003163 · Cited by 1
“The film crew also produced a promotional film for use during the recruitment phase of the digital intervention study.”
Canva AI–assisted prayer learning approach in islamic education based on the TPACK model
Zainol, M. Z., Muhamad, N., & Sabri, M. N. M. (2025) · ATTARBAWIY Malaysian Online Journal of Education · doi:10.53840/attarbawiy.v9i2.379 · Cited by 1
Rusmansyah, Saadi, P., Anggrah, H., Idris, A., Nasution, G. A., Riadi, P., & Utami, V. N. (2025) · Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA · doi:10.29303/jppipa.v11i12.13085 · Cited by 1
“The experimental group was taught using the Science Critical Creative Thinking (SCCrT) model assisted by Augmented Reality (AR), while the control group received conventional chemistry instruction (Miller et al., 2020).”
Implementation of a Transitions of Care Nutrition Intervention for Malnourished Patients
Rocca, N. G., Qubty, L., Arikawa, A., & Wright, L. Y. (2025) · Topics in Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1097/tin.0000000000000417 · Cited by 1
Luo, W. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-31951-w · Cited by 1
“Data were collected independently, analyzed concurrently, and integrated at the interpretation stage to ensure triangulated insight 24 .”
Surahmat, Z., Majid, A. R., Agnez, Hadija, S., & Wanner, P. (2025) · Jurnal Iqra': Kajian Ilmu Pendidikan · doi:10.25217/ji.v10i3.6073 · Cited by 1
Ipingbemi, A., Adisa, R., & Erhun, W. (2025) · Discover Health Systems · doi:10.1007/s44250-025-00337-0 · Cited by 1
“Similar quasi-experimental approaches have been used in related pharmacist-led adherence and hypertension studies conducted in comparable clinical environments [25, 26].”
Beyond Desynchronization: The Impact of Social Jetlag on Tourists’ Venturesomeness
Fan, X., Yang, Y., & Li, C. (2025) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875251385074 · Cited by 2
Using virtual science labs for physical science formal experiments in schools
Zivanayi, W. (2025) · Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences · doi:10.18844/cjes.v20i4.9504 · Cited by 1
“To control for the interaction between selection and maturation, the schools were randomly assigned to the control and treatment groups (Miller et al., 2020).”
Valorisation of Ceramic Glaze Waste for Improving Burnt Brick Quality
Darimaani, C., Aasonaa, D. N., Zievie, P., & Akoogo, M. A. (2025) · African Journal Of Applied Research · doi:10.26437/p355vk91 · Cited by 1
“According to Brown et al. (2017), experimental design is fundamental to scientific research, enabling researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships through systematic manipulation of variables under controlled conditions.”
Enhancing Critical Thinking through AI and Simulation
Zulkifli, Z., In'am, A., & Ekowati, D. (2025) · Jurnal Pemberdayaan Masyarakat · doi:10.46843/jpm.v4i3.484 · Cited by 1
“This study employed a quantitative approach using a quasi-experimental design, namely the nonequivalent control group design (Miller et al., 2020; Stuart & Rubin, 2008).”
McCluskey, S., Leif, E., Bloomfield, B. S., & Humm, P. (2025) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2025.2557429 · Cited by 1
Xie, W.-B., Ahmed, S., Ahsan, A., Gupta, A., Keenan, A., Sarker, T., Akter, F., Anan, A., Hossain, M. M., Quayyum, Z., et al. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/71696 · Cited by 1
“…design with repeated cross-sectional surveys, instead of a traditional randomized trial, to capture changes in the entire care continuum at the population level and to generate real-world evidence on effectiveness and implementation strategies for greater external validity [58,59].”
Li, Y., Zheng, J., Mlacha, Y., Lu, S.-N., Abdulla, S., Li, Q., Yan, G., Zhou, X.-N., Xiao, N., Githu, V., et al. (2025) · China CDC Weekly · doi:10.46234/ccdcw2025.104 · Cited by 1
Cariño, E., & Betito, R. (2025) · Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.70838/pemj.360306 · Cited by 1
Improving Problem Solving Skills using the Collaborative Problem Solving Model
Sasanti, R. D. (2025) · Advances in Nonlinear Variational Inequalities · doi:10.52783/anvi.v28.4486 · Cited by 1
“The control group in the pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design is matched to the group that received the intervention rather than being randomly assigned [53].”
Ozyazici, G., & Ceyhan, G. D. (2025) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-025-10244-2 · Cited by 1
“The current study uses a pre-post, one-group quasi-experimental design to examine college students’ plausibility perspectives, allowing researchers to apply a treatment and assess participants’ views on a specific topic (Miller et al., 2020).”
Chuing, S. S., & Kutty, F. M. (2025) · International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development · doi:10.6007/ijarped/v14-i1/24769 · Cited by 1
“This design allows researchers to measure the effects of the intervention without requiring random assignment of students between experimental and control groups (Miller, Smith, & Pugatch, 2020).”
Tennakoon, S. M. A. V. S., Udayantha, U., & Wattegama, W. G. E. J. (2025) · Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy · doi:10.2478/mdke-2025-0002 · Cited by 1
Evaluation of hand-eye coordination fitness test performance in folk dance
Burhanudin, S., Rizal, A., Hanafi, S., Sanjaykumar, S., Tagare, R. L., & Lobo, J. (2024) · Fizjoterapia Polska · doi:10.56984/8zg01a8p3q5 · Cited by 1
Prasetya, A., Santosa, A., & Suroso, J. (2024) · Ukrainian Journal of Nephrology and Dialysis · doi:10.31450/ukrjnd.4(84).2024.10 · Cited by 1
Android-Based Quizizz: Media for Students' Learning Motivation and Mastery of Mathematical Concepts
Effendi, M. M., & In'am, A. (2024) · International Journal on Emerging Mathematics Education · doi:10.12928/ijeme.v8i2.29749 · Cited by 1
“This means that before and after treatment, variables SLM and MMC are measured (Barthels & Das, 2021).”
Kuan, G., Chin, M., Kueh, Y. C., Sabo, A., Mok, M. M. C., Balasekaran, G., Chang, Y., Edgınton, C. R., Culpan, I., Popeska, B., et al. (2024) · Türk fizyoterapi ve rehabilitasyon dergisi · doi:10.21653/tjpr.1489761 · Cited by 1
“…other hand, are the most reliable method to examine the effectiveness of new treatments or interventions (55), while the quasi-experimental design is more suitable for estimating the effect of an intervention when repeated measures design or analysis is used and pre-post testing is used (56, 57).”
MethodPutra, R. D. A., Waskito, W., Arafat, A., Cabanillas-García, J. L., Ayasrah, F. T., & Fortuna, A. (2024) · Journal of Engineering Researcher and Lecturer · doi:10.58712/jerel.v3i2.144 · Cited by 2
“The quasi-experiment method utilizes a control group and an experimental group (Miller et al., 2020), with a pre-test and post-test design that uses an unequal control group design (Prasetya et al., 2023, 2024).”
MethodUnlocking Communication Wonders: Exploring Transmitter and Receiver Concepts with p5.js
Septian, F. (2024) · Journal Software, Hardware and Information Technology · doi:10.24252/shift.v4i2.123 · Cited by 1
“The experimental design allows for a rigorous and systematic examination of research questions [4], contributing to the scientific rigor and validity of the study outcomes.”
MethodEffect of Ice Chips on Severity of Chemotherapy Induced Oral Mucositis
Mohamed, E. T., Hanafy, N. F., Farghaly, S. M., & Mahmoud, I. A. (2024) · Egyptian Journal of Health Care · doi:10.21608/ejhc.2024.379333 · Cited by 1
“The experimental group in this design receives the intervention and the effect can be assessed before and after the intervention (Miller, Smith, & Pugatch, 2020).”
MethodDing, Z., Chen, M., Xie, C., Wang, M.-D., Yuan, Q.-F., Sun, D., Zhao, P., Yuan, F., & Wang, K.-W. (2024) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.113960 · Cited by 1
COOPERATIVE LEARNING FOR ENHANCED READING COMPREHENSION: A STUDY WITH FIRST-YEAR STUDENTS
Mustamir, M., Jauhar, S., Sudarto, S., & Rachman, S. A. (2023) · English Review: Journal of English Education · doi:10.25134/erjee.v11i3.8820 · Cited by 1
“This multi-step approach aimed to foster a more engaging and collaborative learning environment, promoting improved reading comprehension and learning outcomes among the students (Miller et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodSupriadi, D., Setiawan, E., Lobo, J., Budiman, A., Bulquerin, A. A., Parcon, L. M., Castro, J. J. D., Durana, K., Sison, K., Legarda, M., et al. (2023) · Fizjoterapia Polska · doi:10.56984/8zg20a657 · Cited by 1
Isah, U., & Abdullah, S. M. S. (2023) · International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling · doi:10.35631/ijepc.851005 · Cited by 1
Opioid prescribing restrictions and opioid use among the Louisiana Medicaid population.
Callison, K., Karletsos, D., & Walker, B. (2022) · The International journal on drug policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103770 · Cited by 1
Efstathopoulou, L., Jagger, G., Mackenzie, J., Faulkner, K., Barker-Barrett, T., Cameron, R. A., Wagner, A. P., & Pérez, J. (2022) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/s12961-022-00819-0 · Cited by 1
“The nonequivalent group (Fenland) was selected among the six areas of the county as the most suitable area to be compared with Peterborough based on similarities in the populations between the two areas and service provision, allowing assessment of whether the intervention impacted the area where it was implemented [3…”
MethodSari, E. F. N., Asmawi, M., Dlis, F., Susanti, D., & Siregar, N. M. (2021) · Journal of Physics, Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2019/1/012018 · Cited by 1
“The quasi-experimental research method was chosen because the class groups used were not random [12,13].”
MethodRiddle, D., & Hung, A. (2020) · Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2020.08.011 · Cited by 1
Calub, A. (2026) · Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.69569/jip.2026.101 · Cited by 1
Bian, J., & Qian, C.-N. (2024) · Visualized Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1051/vcm/2024006 · Cited by 1
Noticing Formulaic Sequence through Typographic Enhancement Technique: Using an Online Platform
Universiti Utara Malaysia, M., Sabri, M., Rahman, F. A., & Nawi, A. (2023) · International Journal of Information and Education Technology · doi:10.18178/ijiet.2023.13.4.1857
“methods allow implementation scientists to perform rigorous studies in these settings, although with some limitations [30].”
MethodPromoting Health Students’ Well-Being: The Study Protocol of a Quasi-Experimental Intervention Study
Ouazzani, E., Houria, Christiane, B., Angélique, P., & Lena, G. (2023) · Archives of Clinical and Medical Case Reports · doi:10.26502/acmcr.96550629 · Cited by 1
“Nevertheless, this design is interesting in implementation science when the randomization is not practicable for ethical and/or practical reasons because it allows identifying a change after the intervention from the analysis of repeated data collections [79, 80].”
BackgroundThe impact of New York City's Open Streets Program on local traffic
Usmani, S., Wu, X., Jack, D., McBrien, H., Rundle, A. G., Seaman, M. F., Kioumourtzoglou, M., & Benavides, J. (2026) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2026.107501
Semahegn, A., Tiruneh, G., Fesseha, N., Teferi, M., Tadesse, H., Bogale, B., Mulu, S., Mirkuzie, A., Girma, A., Tesfaye, C., et al. (2026) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-026-03065-9
“An Embedded Implementation Research (EIR) [25] approach was employed a mixed-method quasi-experimental design [26], with controlled before-and-after household surveys complemented with qualitative interviews, and routine program data to assess the feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of…”
Noviana, D., Fitriana, L., & Dharmansyah, D. (2026) · Journal Of Community Mental Health and Public Policy · doi:10.51602/cmhp.v9i1.450
“This study employed a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design (Miller et al ., 2020).”
Westergaard, R. P., Mixson, L., Ballard, H. K., Young, A. M., Nance, R., Delaney, J. A., Becker, M., Gicquelais, R. E., & Cooper, H. (2026) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2026.113399
Kriel, C., & Sakala, M. (2026) · Teaching & Learning Inquiry The ISSOTL Journal · doi:10.20343/teachlearninqu.14.47
“An interrupted time-series design involves repeated data collection at multiple points before and after an intervention to determine if an intervention associated with determining improvement on a given metric was successful or not (Miller, Smith, and Pugatch 2020).”
Babaniyazova, N., Khan, I. A., & Nagmetova, N. (2026) · Arab World English Journal · doi:10.24093/awej/vol17no3.22
Arief, U., Sukamta, S., Andrasto, T., Tumangger, M., Daffa, M., Susilawati, A., & Ghazali, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1878824
Ugwu, O. P.-C., Okon, M. B., Ogenyi, F. C., Ugwu, J. N., & Ugwu, C. N. (2026) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129131
Junji, C., Aziz, A., Ling, T. H., Swain, S., Mansor, A., & Kamarul, T. (2026) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2026.102476
Ernawan, B., Sasmita, H. I., Guswenrivo, I., Kesuma, A., Kartika, T., Mujiyanto, M., Widawati, M., Suryaningtyas, N. H., Nurjanah, S., Nirwan, M., et al. (2026) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2026.108346
Esan, B. T., Ngwai, Y. B., Akyala, A. I., Esan, O. A., Olugbemi, M. K., & Aremu, S. O. (2026) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-026-02779-0
“In terms of study design, quantitative studies predominated, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-experimental studies, and pre–post intervention designs [54–55].”
Paskali, J. (2026) · International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research · doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i04.84293
“Miller et al. (2020) and Maciejewski (2020) have noted that the quasi-experimental design is commonly used to assess the effect of an intervention on two intact groups.”
Amponsah, J. K., Ellis, S. D., & Resnik, F. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10616678/v1
“Randomized experiments are not the only appropriate approach to implementation research, but they remain important when the objective is to estimate the causal effect of an implementation strategy on implementation, service, or clinical outcomes (3–5).”
Poulsen, K., Hjorthøj, C. R., Bach, B., Simonsen, E. H., & Kongerslev, M. (2026) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-026-00346-2
“Future research should examine whether training that explicitly targets emotional labor and moral appraisal can influence long-term behavioral outcomes and whether structural interventions can modify institutional defenses over time [15, 25, 35, 36].”
InfluentialAplicaciones de la inteligencia artificial en la personalización del aprendizaje universitario
Puente, F. K. C., Olaya, M. D. L. P., Olaya, M. M. P., & Espín, B. M. L. (2026) · Boletín Científico Ideas y Voces · doi:10.60100/bciv.v6i3.320
Contreras, E. N. G., Godoy-Tapia, C., Rebolledo, P., & Molina-Márquez, I. (2026) · ESPACIOS · doi:10.48082/espacios-a26v47n04i07
Feng, J., & Niu, Q. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1889324
“This study adopted a post-intervention intact-class quasi-experimental design in a real university table tennis course to examine differences in students’ psychological need states and physical activity outcomes under platform-supported conditions (Miller et al., 2020).”
Sukarno, S., Wardana, A. B., Kusuma, I. K. A. A. W., & Nasikhudin (2026) · Ilomata International Journal of Tax and Accounting · doi:10.61194/ijtc.v7i3.2374
“This study employs a quasi-experimental research design using a simplified difference-in-differences (DiD) approach to examine changes in tax risk identification performance before and after the implementation of Artificial Intelligence-assisted financial statement analysis (Miller et al., 2020).”
The 3D4E strategic approach: Can GAI improve visual thinking skills in STEM high schools?
Abouelenein, Y. A. M., Selim, S. A. S., Azim, Z. M. A., & Khalaf, M. H. R. (2026) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-026-14093-y
“- Supports positive emotions during practice for visual design experiments. tions in real classroom settings where full randomization is not feasible (Miller et al., 2020).”
Durotunnasihah, D., Sujarwati, I., & Kasmaini, K. (2026) · Journal Of Education And Teaching Learning (JETL) · doi:10.51178/jetl.v8i2.3359
“The study employed a quasi-experimental to observe the effect of the intervention across multiple time (Creswell, 2012; Miller et al., 2020) with repeated-measures within-subjects design.”
Firmansyah, A., Herlina, H., Muchdar, M., Muslim, M., & Mas'adi, M. (2026) · SCAFFOLDING: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam dan Multikulturalisme · doi:10.37680/scaffolding.v8i2.9974
“This design was chosen because it is suitable for research in a school environment that does not allow strict subject randomization, but can still control external variables by administering pre-and post-tests (Miller et al., 2020).”
Althobaiti, S., Said, F., & Alawag, A. M. (2026) · International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology · doi:10.25258/ijddt.16.61s.72
Osa, S. T.-L., Lobato-Rayo, F., Martín-Ruiz, E., & Lima, A. O. D. L. (2026) · Journal of Medical Entomology · doi:10.1093/jme/tjag095
Dalimunthe, S. A., Yurniwati, & Nurjannah (2026) · SOSIOEDUKASI : JURNAL ILMIAH ILMU PENDIDIKAN DAN SOSIAL · doi:10.36526/sosioedukasi.v15i2.8296
“Reliability refers to the extent to which measurements or experimental procedures produce consistent interpretations of the construct to be measured (Miller et al., 2020).”
Raúl, P. E. L., Mauricio, P. L. D., Lucrecia, C. C. E., & Jesús, M. C. E. (2026) · Revista Iberoamericana de Educación · doi:10.31876/rie.v10i3.375
“Según Miller et al. (2020), este diseño constituye una alternativa intermedia entre los ensayos controlados aleatorios y los estudios observacionales, mientras que (Campbell et al., 1963) destacan que los cuasi - experimentos, aunque con menor control que los experimentos puros, resultan más…”
Martins, A., Santos, M. F. B., Nascimento, J., Chui, F. M. D. S., Rodrigues, M. G. A., Bastos, T., Lemos, S., Honorato, E., Cortez, M., Xavier, M., et al. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0351566
“This approach enabled meaningful comparisons across key outcomes despite the lack of randomization and practical, ethical, social, and logistical restrictions [24,25].”
Pertiwi, M., & Gidena, A. (2026) · Schrödinger: Journal of Physics Education · doi:10.37251/sjpe.v7i3.3394
Hasan, I. F. (2026) · Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1108/jrim-01-2026-0054
Wong, V., & Yip, W. (2026) · Education Innovations: Systems and Future Learning · doi:10.1108/eisfl-12-2025-0068
Shindhe, S., & Chouhan, D. (2026) · Genetics and Molecular Research · doi:10.4238/jm75m598
“When comparing an intervention group to a control group is necessary but random assignment is not practical, this design is frequently employed in health and implementation research (Miller et al., 2020).”
Huang, Y., Taylor, D., Kubler, M., Burger, S.-A., Itallie, A. K. V., Vandelanotte, C., & Robinson, M. (2026) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2025-0740
Romli, R., Nawi, A. M., Rahman, R. A., Mohamad, E. M. W., Chew, K. T., & Hashim, S. M. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0347489
“However, there are challenges in implementing quasi-experimental study regarding the threats of internal validity that can arise from non-randomization sampling [27].”
Atitsogbey, P., Kyereh, E., Wang, D.-T., Annor, G., & Steiner-Asiedu, M. (2026) · BMC Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s40795-026-01353-w
“This study employed a quasi-experimental pretest– posttest control group design [36] and was conducted in the Ayawaso Central Municipal Assembly, Greater Accra, Ghana.”
Musa, N., Lee, H.-Y., Nor, N. B. M., Sunarti, S., Syahrul, N., & Fadlly, H. (2026) · PaperASIA · doi:10.59953/paperasia.v42i2b.1069
“Although matching helped reduce baseline bias, future research could strengthen validity by implementing random assignments across multiple schools to enhance the robustness of hybrid learning impact evaluation (Chen et al., 2020; Miller et al., 2020).”
InfluentialYueh, F.-R., Lin, C.-Y., Fang, T.-J., Hsieh, P.-L., Wang, J.-L., & Hu, F.-W. (2026) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2026.05.001
Diño, M. J. S., Thiamwong, L., Xie, R., Enriquez, A. J., Malacas, M. K. G., Hernandez, R., Vital, J. C., Banarjee, C., Daher, S., Abadir, P. M., et al. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.101115
Sekarani, T. S., Akhsan, H., & Kistiono, K. (2026) · Indonesian Journal of Education Research (IJoER) · doi:10.37251/ijoer.v7i2.2369
“It provides a practical and validated solution to the dual challenge of implementing the Merdeka Curriculum while fostering 21st-century skills [42] – [44].”
Nguyen, P. T. T., Duong, D., Tran, A. V., Nguyen, L., Anh, L. D., Hoàng, D. V., & Trần, N. K. (2026) · Hospital Pharmacy · doi:10.1177/00185787261433442
Wang, R., & Li, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1775237
“The development of quasi-experimental designs (16) and implementation research methods (17) provides methodological foundations for evaluating such integration models.”
Sanders, M. R., Burke, K., Haynes, M. A., Baxter, J., Western, M., Chainey, C., & Prinz, R. J. (2026) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-026-03298-x
Leliya, & Mujahidin, M. (2026) · Dimasejati: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat · doi:10.70095/dimasejati.v8i1.23834
“…tiga pilar utama (Bunselmeyer & Schulz, 2020; Dawson et al., 2021; Galdo-Castiñeiras, Hernández-Morante, Morales-Moreno, & Echevarría-Pérez, 2023; Miller, Smith, & Pugatch, 2020): (1) peningkatan literasi hukum individual, (2) penguatan kapasitas kolektif komunitas, dan (3) institusionalisasi…”
Lastimado, A. E., Macapili, A. C., Pantaleon, A. G., Ebarle, R. L. P., Simugan, J. S., Añora, F. D., Capunong, N. A., & Salazar, W. (2026) · International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education · doi:10.1177/03064190261435859
Zaky, M., Abdallah, H. M. M., Elsayed, S., & Farghaly, S. (2026) · Advances in Skin & Wound Care · doi:10.1097/asw.0000000000000429
Transient motivation? A mixed-methods study of gamification in agile requirements change management
Rusdianto, D. S., Yuhana, U. L., Fabroyir, H., & Riefard, R. M. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106639
Leveraging DeepL Write to Improve Writing Performance among Vocational High School Students
Hardita, C. D., Triprihatmini, V., & Handayani, S. (2026) · Research and Innovation in Applied Linguistics · doi:10.31963/rial.v4i1.5818
“Experimental was a method that involved the use of an independent variable as the treatment group and a dependent variable as the control group to assess the effects of a particular variable (Miller et al., 2020).”
A Review: Research Trends on Local Wisdom-Based Empathy Values in Science Learning
Iksan, M., Isa, I., Ahmad, J., Latjomph, M., Yusuf, F. M., & Kaili, A. S. (2026) · Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA · doi:10.29303/jppipa.v12i2.14255
“Methodologically, the dominance of qualitative and short-term studies indicates the need for more rigorous experimental and longitudinal designs to strengthen causal claims (Miller et al., 2020; Grosz et al., 2020).”
Al-Homayin, M. A., & Alzahrani, M. A. (2026) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2026.2627991
“An experimental pre-post intervention design (Harris et al, 2005; Miller, Smith, and Pugatch, 2019) assessed the impact of OGT vs TGT on post-stroke QoL and walking performance.”
Arianto, A., Mulyati, Y., Yulianeta, Y., & Cahyani, I. (2026) · Journal of Innovation in Educational and Cultural Research · doi:10.46843/jiecr.v7i2.2644
“In this design, the researcher measures the dependent variable before and after the treatment (intervention) to assess changes (Creswell, 2015; Fraenkel et al., 1993; Miller et al., 2020).”
Philosophy programs in prison and rehabilitative outcomes – A scoping review
Góis, I., Kane, E., Evans, E., & Doney, E. (2026) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2026.2627312
Hidayat, A., Setyawati, H., Hidayatullah, F., Hasanah, N., Purnomo, E., & Supriyanto, S. (2026) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v77.118644
“Yet, it still provides adequate internal validity (Miller et al., 2020).”
The Impact of Contextual Teaching and Learning on Students’ Communication Skills
Asyari, A., & Rasidi, M. A. (2026) · International Journal of Teaching · doi:10.61798/ijt.v3i1.429
“This study used a quasi-experimental pretest – posttest control group design (Miller et al., 2020) to examine the effect of the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) model on students’ communication skills.”
Evaluating midwife-led continuity of care and breastfeeding outcomes: A quasi-experimental study.
Shipton, E. V., Lee, N., Foxcroft, K., de Jersey, S. D., & Callaway, L. (2026) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2026.102167
POLICY EVALUATION AND THE ROLE OF NARCOTICS REHABILITATION INSTITUTION S IN NORTH SULAWESI
Punuhsingon, J., Simamora, P. N. S., Paendong, K., Kampilong, J. K., Andes, A. M., Sumilat, R., Gumansing, C., & Palilingan, J. (2026) · SOSIOEDUKASI : JURNAL ILMIAH ILMU PENDIDIKAN DAN SOSIAL · doi:10.36526/sosioedukasi.v14i4.6748
“Second, it uses a longitudinal quasi-experimental design with 400 people and repeated monthly measurements over a period of 12 months, and secondary and primary data through an ETL pipeline (Miller et al., 2020).”
Measuring the Preservice Counselor’s belief-diagnostic competence
Hanafi, H., Ramli, M., Hambali, I., Apriani, R., & Kurniawan, N. A. (2025) · JKI (Jurnal Konseling Indonesia) · doi:10.21067/jki.v11i1.14026
“This study used quantitative non experiment with a descriptive evaluation design (Creswell & Creswell, 2023; Miller et al., 2020).”
Berhe, K. K., Mselle, L. T., & Gebru, H. B. (2025) · ASRIC Journal on Health Sciences · doi:10.68327/hmgs5363
Kurniawan, I., & Marfu'ah, I. (2025) · Riemann: Research of Mathematics and Mathematics Education · doi:10.38114/riemann.v7i3.119
“Therefore, researchers must control internal validity threats using other design and analysis techniques (e.g., nonequivalent control groups, regression, difference-in-differences) (Ballance, 2024; Miller et al., 2020).”
Factors Promoting Retention of HIV/AIDS Clients with Suspected Treatment Failure at Kakamega County
Sum, T., Mengich, G., Kenny, D., Mutai, C., Ekisa, M., Jerop, M., Dewing, G., Odoyo, C., Wesonga, B. O., Thuo, J., et al. (2025) · Pan-African Journal of Health and Environmental Science · doi:10.56893/ajhes2025v04i02.12
Experiment as a research method for investigating the effectiveness of drama in EFL Higher Education
Kolar, M., & Sándorová, Z. (2025) · Glottodidactica · doi:10.14746/gl.2025.52.2.7
Agus, Ari, M. D., & Arahmin, R. (2025) · Jurnal PROGRESS Wahana Kreativitas dan Intelektualitas · doi:10.31942/pgrs.v13i2.14348
“In this design, participants are divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group (Miller, Smith, & Pugatch, 2020).”
Przywarra), T. B. (., & Risch, B. (2025) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.5c00231
Metadata
- Authors
- Miller, C. J., Smith, S. N., & Pugatch, M.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Miller, Christopher J.
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 283
- Pages
- 112452
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6923620
- OpenAlex
- W2951715721
- Cited by
- 373
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 14
- FWCI
- 4.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- implementation research, implementation science, experimental design, quasi-experimental design, randomized controlled trials, interrupted time series, stepped wedge design, pre-post design, research design selection, clinical adoption, intervention sustainability
- MeSH terms
- Implementation Science, Humans, Research Design, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Control Groups, Biomedical Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
