Preparation and properties of cellulose nanocrystals-reinforced Poly (lactic acid) composite filaments for 3D printing applications
Open accessAbstract
In this work, the composite filaments containing different cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were successfully fabricated by using a single screw extruder and used to 3D print. The influence of CNCs contents (0, 0.75, 1, and 2 wt%) on the properties of the filaments and 3D printed samples were evaluated. The properties of the filaments and 3D printed samples were characterized by using SEM, FT-IR, XRD, DSC, TGA, and tensile tests. Results revealed that no chemical changes occurred in the presence of CNCs but improved crystallinity was found. The presence of 2 wt% CNCs slightly improved the thermal stability of the neat PLA filament and 3D printed sample. The tensile strength of the neat PLA filament was enhanced by 18.2% by adding up to 1 wt% CNCs but reduced at 2 wt% CNCs content. For the 3D printed samples, the tensile strength of the neat PLA was improved by 11% with the introduction of 0.75 wt% CNCs and decreased for further CNC addition. In addition, compared with the 3D printed samples, the filaments exhibited a higher tensile strength for all CNCs contents. Furthermore, the water absorption of the composite filaments was increased with increasing the CNCs contents. On the other hand, the 3D printed samples containing CNCs showed a lower water absorption than the neat PLA.
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NC can act as a nucleating agent, accelerating PLA crystallization and enhancing its thermal resistance.
“Studies using DSC and TGA show that NC can act as a nucleating agent, accelerating PLA crystallization and enhancing its thermal resistance [14,16,17,65].”
Tensile strength and Young's modulus of PLA composites increased notably with the incorporation of well-dispersed CNCs or CNFs, even at low filler contents (<5 wt.%).
“As highlighted in the literature [14,15,16,17,18,19], tensile strength and Young’s modulus of PLA composites increased notably with the incorporation of well-dispersed CNCs or CNFs, even at low filler contents (<5 wt.%).”
In PLA-based systems, nanocellulose enhances tensile strength, Young's modulus, and crystallinity.
“In PLA-based systems, NC has been shown to enhance tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and crystallinity [14,15,16,17,18,19]”
Melt processing techniques for PLA/NC are environmentally favorable and scalable.
“industrial relevance has driven growing interest in melt processing techniques, which are environmentally favorable and scalable [14,18,19,78]”
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References 81 · Cited by 103
- Authors
- Ahmad, N. D., Kusmono, Wildan, M. W., & Herianto
- Affiliations
- Universitas Gadjah Mada (ID)
- Venue
- Results in Engineering
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-03
- Volume
- 17
- Pages
- 100842
- ISSN
- 2590-1230 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4312082717
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 19
- FWCI
- 4.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Results in Engineering (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministry of Research Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia
- Universitas Gadjah Mada
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Advanced Cellulose Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites
- Keywords
- cellulose nanocrystals, polylactic acid, composite filaments, 3D printing, tensile strength, water absorption, thermal stability, crystallinity, natural fiber reinforcement, biodegradable polymers
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