Risk factors associated with habitual snoring and sleep-disordered breathing in a multi-ethnic Asian population: a population-based study
Open accessAbstract
Introduction There is scant data on the risk factors of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in the general population in Asian countries.Methods Cross-sectional survey of a random population sample of 2298 adults aged 20-75 years, stratified by gender, ethnicity (Chinese, Malay and Indian) and age. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to elicit responses to questions on daytime somnolence and nocturnal events. Three categories of SDB were defined for analysis: habitual snoring; apnoeic snoring (SDB I); and apnoeic snoring or snoring with diurnal hypersomnia (SDB II).Results Snoring was reported by 201 persons (6.8%), SDB-I in 44 (1.9%) and SDB-II in 112 (4.9%) in the sample. The adjusted odds ratio (95% C.I.) of association with snoring were: male gender, 3.79 (2.69-5.33); older age (>60 years old), 2.15 (1.41-3.29); Indian versus Chinese, 1.54 (1.05-2.25); family history, 2.21 (1.56-3.12); obesity (BMI>30), 2.64 (1.62-4.30); neck circumference (>40 cm), 2.57 (1.59-4.11); and cigarette smoking, 2.05 (1.21-3.45). The risk factors for SDB were similar to that of snoring.Conclusion Population risk factors associated with habitual snoring and SDB in Singapore are largely similar to those reported in other populations. Differential risks underscore the importance of ethnicity in determining the burden of SDB.
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Neck circumference greater than 40 cm (16 inch) is associated with snoring and OSA.
“Specifically, NC > 40 cm (16 inch) is associated with snoring and OSA.528,529,536–538”
From International Consensus Statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2023) · cites this paper as [536]
The Risk factors for habitual snoring section reports an association between wide neck circumference (>40 cm) and habitual snoring, and the Discussion reports an association with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). The Interview questionnaire section defines SDB by reported symptoms, and the study acknowledges that it did not use polysomnography to diagnose it; the paper therefore does not directly establish an association with diagnosed OSA. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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References 28 · Cited by 74
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [7]7. Guilleminault C, Quera-Salva MA, Partinen M, Jamieson A. Women and obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Chest 1988;93:104-9.
- [15]15. Jalleh R, Fitzpatrick MF, Mathur R, Douglas NJ. Do patients with sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome drink more alcohol? Sleep 1992;15:319-21.
- Authors
- Khoo, S. M., Tan, W. C., Ng, T. P., & Ho, C. H.
- Affiliations
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Tan, Wan C
- Venue
- Respiratory Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-06
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 557-566
- ISSN
- 0954-6111 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2063964681
- Semantic Scholar
- ec2319fef9ec22e5b41b45da97d7df2be566d029
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Respiratory Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- National Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Keywords
- habitual snoring, sleep-disordered breathing, risk factors, daytime somnolence, obesity, neck circumference, cigarette smoking, family history (medicine), ethnicity, Singapore
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, China, Chronic Disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, India, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Singapore, Sleep Apnea Syndromes, Snoring, Prevalence, Odds Ratio
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