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Cited by 202melanin and skin pigmentationDevelopmental Biology and Gene RegulationZebrafish Biomedical Research Applications

Stripes and belly-spots—A review of pigment cell morphogenesis in vertebrates

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Kelsh, Robert N., Harris, Melissa L., Colanesi, Sarah, Erickson, Carol A.·2009·Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
DOI 10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.10.001PMC PMC2744437
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Abstract

Pigment patterns in the integument have long-attracted attention from both scientists and non-scientists alike since their natural attractiveness combines with their excellence as models for the general problem of pattern formation. Pigment cells are formed from the neural crest and must migrate to reach their final locations. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of mechanisms underlying the control of pigment cell migration and patterning in diverse vertebrates. The model systems discussed here - chick, mouse, and zebrafish - each provide unique insights into the major morphogenetic events driving pigment pattern formation. In birds and mammals, melanoblasts must be specified before they can migrate on the dorsolateral pathway. Transmembrane receptors involved in guiding them onto this route include EphB2 and Ednrb2 in chick, and Kit in mouse. Terminal migration depends, in part, upon extracellular matrix reorganization by ADAMTS20. Invasion of the ectoderm, especially into the feather germ and hair follicles, requires specific signals that are beginning to be characterized. We summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms regulating melanoblast number and organization in the epidermis. We note the apparent differences in pigment pattern formation in poikilothermic vertebrates when compared with birds and mammals. With more pigment cell types, migration pathways are more complex and largely unexplored; nevertheless, a role for Kit signaling in melanophore migration is clear and indicates that at least some patterning mechanisms may be highly conserved. We summarize the multiple factors thought to contribute to zebrafish embryonic pigment pattern formation, highlighting a recent study identifying Sdf1a as one factor crucial for regulation of melanophore positioning. Finally, we discuss the mechanisms generating a second, metamorphic pigment pattern in adult fish, emphasizing recent studies strengthening the evidence that undifferentiated progenitor cells play a major role in generating adult pigment cells.

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Authors
Kelsh, R. N., Harris, M. L., Colanesi, S., & Erickson, C. A.
Affiliations
  • University of Bath (GB)
  • University of California, Davis (US)
Corresponding author
Kelsh, Robert N.
ORCID
Venue
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2009-02
Volume
20
Issue
1
Pages
90-104
ISSN
1084-9521 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.10.001
PMC
PMC2744437
OpenAlex
W2059271899
Cited by
202
References
0
Citations by year
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FWCI
0.58
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • American Heart Association
  • Wellcome Trust
  • National Institutes of Health
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM053258)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Zebrafish Biomedical Research Applications
Keywords
pigment pattern formation, melanoblast migration, neural crest, KIT signaling, EphB2, ADAMTS20, extracellular matrix, hair follicle, ectotherms, zebrafish, chicks, mice
MeSH terms
Aging, Animals, Humans, Models, Biological, Pigmentation, Stem Cells, Vertebrates, Cell Shape

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