Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 760

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 313 of the 313 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The (mis)estimation of neighborhood effects: causal inference for a practicable social epidemiology

Open access
Oakes, J.Michael·2004·Social Science & Medicine

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.08.004

Cites

313 of 313 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 313 references

Research works printed but not linked: 32

  1. Berk, 1991, Toward a methodology for mere mortals, Vol. 20, 315
  2. Berk, 1995, Statistical inference for apparent populations (with discussion), Vol. 25, 421
  3. Blundell, 1997, Cluster effect and simultaneity in multilevel models, Health Economics, 6, 439, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1050(199707)6:4<439::AID-HEC276>3.0.CO;2-B · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1050(199707)6:4<439::aid-hec276>3.0.co;2-b
  4. Bowles, 1998, Endogenous preferences, Journal of Economic Literature, 36, 75
  5. Brock, 2002, Interaction-based models, Vol. 5, 3295
  6. Cochran, 1955, Research techniques in the study of human beings, Milibank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 33, 121, 10.2307/3348395 · doi:10.2307/3348395
  7. Duncan, 1997, Conceptual and methodological issues in estimating causal effects of neighborhoods and family conditions on individual development, Vol. 1
  8. Durkheim, E. 1951 (1897). Suicide. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
  9. Ferman, 2001, Building the Spatial Community, Policy Studies Review, 18, 53, 10.1111/j.1541-1338.2001.tb00206.x · doi:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2001.tb00206.x
  10. Ferron, 1997, Moving between hierarchial modeling notations, Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 22, 119
  11. Freedman, 1991, Statistical models and shoe leather (with discussion), Vol. 21
  12. Freeman, 1981, Social experiments, Milibank Memorial Fund Quarterly/Health and Society, 59, 340, 10.2307/3349684 · doi:10.2307/3349684
  13. Friedlander, 1995, Evaluating program evaluations, American Economic Review, 85, 39
  14. Hook, 2001, (Letter to Editor) RE: Neighborhood social environment and risk of death, American Journal of Epidemiology, 151, 1132, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010157 · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010157
  15. Hsiao, 1983, Identification, Vol. 1, 223
  16. Kohlhase, 1991, The impact of toxic waste sites on housing values, Journal of Urban Economics, 30, 1, 10.1016/0094-1190(91)90042-6 · doi:10.1016/0094-1190(91)90042-6
  17. Kreft, 1994, Review of five multilevel analysis programs, American Statistician, 48, 324, 10.2307/2684845 · doi:10.2307/2684845
  18. Manski, 1998, Bounding disagreements about treatment effects, Vol. 28, Boston
  19. Meyer, 1991, Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 45, 152, 10.1136/jech.45.2.152 · doi:10.1136/jech.45.2.152
  20. Ozonoff, 1987, Health problems reported by residents of a neighborhood contaminated by a hazardous waste facility, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 11, 581, 10.1002/ajim.4700110510 · doi:10.1002/ajim.4700110510
  21. Raudenbush, 1999, Ecometrics, Vol. 29, 1
  22. Rice, 1998, Multilevel models where random effects are correlated with fixed predictors, Multilevel Modelling Newsletter, 10, 6
  23. Schweingruber, 1999, A method for systematically observing and recording collective action, Sociological Methods & Research, 27, 451, 10.1177/0049124199027004001 · doi:10.1177/0049124199027004001
  24. Seltzer, 1993, Sensitivity analysis for fixed effects in the hierarchical model, Journal of Educational Statistics, 18, 207, 10.2307/1165133 · doi:10.2307/1165133
  25. Sewell, 1964, Community of residence and college plans, American Sociological Review, 29, 24, 10.2307/2094638 · doi:10.2307/2094638
  26. Shierman, R.A. (2002). Media information flow about myocardial infarction in 20 US communities. Unpublished MPH Thesis, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
  27. Shively, 1974, Utilizing external evidence in cross-level inference, Political Methodology, 1, 61
  28. Shlay, 1981, Keeping up the neighborhood, American Sociological Review, 46, 703, 10.2307/2095075 · doi:10.2307/2095075
  29. Simon, 1952, A formal theory of interaction in social groups, American Sociological Review, 17, 202, 10.2307/2087661 · doi:10.2307/2087661
  30. Spencer, 2000, An instrumental variable consistent estimation procedure to overcome the problem of endogenous variables in multilevel models, Multilevel Modelling Newsletter, 12, 4
  31. Stipak, 1982, Statistical inference in contextual analysis, American Journal of Political Science, 26, 151, 10.2307/2110845 · doi:10.2307/2110845
  32. Talih, 2002, Effects of neighborhood demographic shifts on findings of environmental injustice, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 165, 375, 10.1111/1467-985X.00651 · doi:10.1111/1467-985x.00651

Cited by

See all 760

Metadata

Authors
Oakes, J. M.
Venue
Social Science & Medicine
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2004-05
Volume
58
Issue
10
Pages
1929-1952
ISSN
0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2149393522
Cited by
760
References
313
FWCI
18.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The (mis)estimation of neighborhood effects: causal inference for a practicable social epidemiology. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.08.004
The paper
Oakes, J. M. (2004). The (mis)estimation of neighborhood effects: causal inference for a practicable social epidemiology. Social Science & Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.08.004

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.