The cerebellum: adaptive prediction for movement and cognition
Open accessAbstract
Over the past 30 years, cumulative evidence has indicated that cerebellar function extends beyond sensorimotor control. This view has emerged from studies of neuroanatomy, neuroimaging, neuropsychology, and brain stimulation, with the results implicating the cerebellum in domains as diverse as attention, language, executive function, and social cognition. Although the literature provides sophisticated models of how the cerebellum helps refine movements, it remains unclear how the core mechanisms of these models can be applied when considering a broader conceptualization of cerebellar function. In light of recent multidisciplinary findings, we examine how two key concepts that have been suggested as general computational principles of cerebellar function- prediction and error-based learning- might be relevant in the operation of cognitive cerebro-cerebellar loops.
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The cerebellum makes predictions about the expected sensory and cognitive consequences of motor commands.
“The cerebellum, a prominent brain structure that interacts with the cerebral cortex, makes predictions about the expected sensory and cognitive consequences of motor commands (Sokolov et al., 2017).”
From Large Language Models and the Reverse Turing Test (2023) · cites this paper as Sokolov et al., 2017
The “Sensorimotor Coordination, Prediction and Error-Based Learning” section says the cerebellum represents the expected sensory consequences of a motor command. The paper also discusses prediction in cognitive domains, but “The Cerebellum in Social Cognition and Affective Processing” says the cerebellum’s contribution to more abstract predictions remains unclear. It therefore does not establish that the cerebellum predicts cognitive consequences of motor commands. Page numbers were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe forward model evaluates the input-output function of body segments involved in movements and relies on two core functions: prediction and error processing.
“The forward model evaluates the input-output function of body segments involved in the movements and relies on two core functions: prediction and error processing (Sokolov et al., 2017).”
From The Forward Model: A Unifying Theory for the Role of the Cerebellum in Motor Control and Sense of Agency (2021) · cites this paper as Sokolov et al., 2017
In “Sensorimotor Coordination, Prediction and Error-Based Learning,” the paper says forward models predict the sensory consequences of motor commands and that mismatches with actual input produce errors used for control and learning. “Constraints on Cerebellar Prediction and Error Processing in Cognition” calls prediction and error processing two core concepts. The copy does not specifically describe a forward model as evaluating the input-output function of body segments. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe connectivity of the cerebellum is organized in a series of parallel loops with the cerebral cortex, the striatum, and the spinal cord, making the cerebellum a key sensorimotor interface: each region receives inputs from a specific region of the central nervous system and sends back projections to these same regions.
“The connectivity of the cerebellum is organized in a series of parallel loops with the cerebral cortex, the striatum, and the spinal cord, which makes the cerebellum a key sensorimotor interface: each region of the cerebellum receives inputs from a specific region of the central nervous system, and sends back projections to these same regions (Sokolov et al., 2017; Diedrichsen et al., 2019; Cabar”
From The Forward Model: A Unifying Theory for the Role of the Cerebellum in Motor Control and Sense of Agency (2021) · cites this paper as Sokolov et al., 2017
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cerebellum's singular position makes it a good candidate to be a comparator in the framework of the forward model, able to detect a mismatch between the motor command and the sensory feedback.
“This singular position makes it a good candidate to be a “comparator” in the framework of the forward model, that could detect a mismatch between the motor command and the sensory feedback (Miall et al., 1993; Ito, 2006, 2008; Sokolov et al., 2017; Diedrichsen et al., 2019; Tanaka et al., 2020).”
From The Forward Model: A Unifying Theory for the Role of the Cerebellum in Motor Control and Sense of Agency (2021) · cites this paper as Sokolov et al., 2017
There is reduced activity in the cerebellum of individuals with autism spectrum disorder compared to healthy controls, highlighting the role of the cerebellum in both predictive inference and autism symptoms.
“Furthermore, there is reduced activity in the cerebellum of individuals with ASD compared to HC, highlighting the role of the cerebellum in both predictive inference (Popa and Ebner, 2019; Sokolov et al., 2017) and autism symptoms (Pierce and Courch esne, 2001).”
From Predictive coding in neuropsychiatric disorders: a systematic transdiagnostic review. (2025) · cites this paper as Sokolov et al., 2017
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References 205 · Cited by 691
- Authors
- Sokolov, A. A., Miall, R. C., & Ivry, R. B.
- Affiliations
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sokolov, Arseny A.
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 313-332
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5477675
- OpenAlex
- W2604536034
- Cited by
- 691
- References
- 205
- Citations by year
- 2026: 80 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 6.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- US National Institutes of Health (NS092079, NS074917)
- Wellcome Trust (WT087554)
- MRC (MR/J012610/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vestibular and auditory disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- cerebellum, prediction, error-based learning, cerebellar physiology, language, social cognition, executive function, attention, cerebellar ataxia, neuropsychiatric disorders, sensorimotor control, cerebellar plasticity, cerebellar lesions, cerebellar stimulation
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Cerebellum, Cognition, Humans, Language, Movement, Executive Function, Neuroimaging
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