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Cited by 304

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 129 of the 129 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Interface, interaction, and intelligence in generalized brain–computer interfaces

Gao, Xiaorong, Wang, Yijun, Chen, Xiaogang, Gao, Shangkai·2021·Trends in Cognitive Sciences

Abstract

A brain-computer interface (BCI) establishes a direct communication channel between a brain and an external device. With recent advances in neurotechnology and artificial intelligence (AI), the brain signals in BCI communication have been advanced from sensation and perception to higher-level cognition activities. While the field of BCI has grown rapidly in the past decades, the core technologies and innovative ideas behind seemingly unrelated BCI systems have never been summarized from an evolutionary point of view. Here, we review various BCI paradigms and present an evolutionary model of generalized BCI technology which comprises three stages: interface, interaction, and intelligence (I3). We also highlight challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives in the development of new BCI technology.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.tics.2021.04.003

Cites

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Metadata

Authors
Gao, X., Wang, Y., Chen, X., & Gao, S.
Venue
Trends in Cognitive Sciences
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-08
Volume
25
Issue
8
Pages
671-684
ISSN
1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3167195439
Cited by
304
References
129
FWCI
7.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Interface, interaction, and intelligence in generalized brain–computer interfaces. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.tics.2021.04.003
The paper
Gao, X., Wang, Y., Chen, X., & Gao, S. (2021). Interface, interaction, and intelligence in generalized brain–computer interfaces. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.04.003

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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.