The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Inhalable exosomes outperform liposomes as mRNA and protein drug carriers to the lung
Open accessAbstract
Respiratory diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, coupled with the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. mRNA lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccines have been developed, but their intramuscular delivery limits pulmonary bioavailability. Inhalation of nanoparticle therapeutics offers localized drug delivery that minimizes off targeted adverse effects and has greater patient compliance. However, LNP platforms require extensive reformulation for inhaled delivery. Lung-derived extracellular vesicles (Lung-Exo) offer a biological nanoparticle alternative that is naturally optimized for mRNA translation and delivery to pulmonary cells. We compared the biodistribution of Lung-Exo against commercially standard biological extracellular vesicles (HEK-Exo) and LNPs (Lipo), where Lung-Exo exhibited superior mRNA and protein cargo distribution to and retention in the bronchioles and parenchyma following nebulization administration. This suggests that inhaled Lung-Exo can deliver mRNA and protein drugs with enhanced pulmonary bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“They indicated that Lung-Exo exhibited pronounced mRNA translation, protein expression, and improved cargo retention in bronchioles and parenchyma, suggesting better therapeutic efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus -2 (SARS-COV-2) [135].”
From Exosome for mRNA delivery: Strategies and therapeutic applications (2024) · cites this paper as [135]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Vos, T., Lim, S. S., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi, M., Abbasifard, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30925-9 · Cited by 19,358
Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
Polack, F. P., Thomas, S. J., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J. L., Pérez Marc, G., Moreira, E. D., Zerbini, C., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2034577 · Cited by 14,592
Exosomes: composition, biogenesis and function
Théry, C., Zitvogel, L., & Amigorena, S. (2002) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri855 · Cited by 5,355
A phase 3 trial of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
King, T. E., Bradford, W. Z., Castro-Bernardini, S., Fagan, E. A., Glaspole, I., Glassberg, M. K., Gorina, E., Hopkins, P. M., Kardatzke, D., Lancaster, L., et al. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1402582 · Cited by 3,975
RNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccine BNT162b2 Selected for a Pivotal Efficacy Study
Walsh, E. E., Frenck, R., Falsey, A. R., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Neuzil, K., Mulligan, M. J., Bailey, R., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.20176651 · Cited by 2,615
Nintedanib in Progressive Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Diseases
Flaherty, K. R., Wells, A. U., Cottin, V., Devaraj, A., Walsh, S. L. F., Inoue, Y., Richeldi, L., Kolb, M., Tetzlaff, K., Stowasser, S., et al. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1908681 · Cited by 2,403
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Design Enabled by Prototype Pathogen Preparedness
Corbett, K. S., Edwards, D. K., Leist, S. R., Abiona, O. M., Boyoglu-Barnum, S., Gillespie, R. A., Himansu, S., Schäfer, A., Ziwawo, C. T., DiPiazza, A. T., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2622-0 · Cited by 1,615
Greening, D. W., Xu, R., Ji, H. L., Tauro, B. J., & Simpson, R. J. (2015) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2550-6_15 · Cited by 749
A thermostable mRNA vaccine against COVID-19
Zhang, N.-N., Li, X.-F., Deng, Y.-Q., Zhao, H., Huang, Y.-J., Yang, G., Huang, W.-J., Gao, P., Zhou, C., Zhang, R.-R., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.024 · Cited by 671
Particle Sizes of Infectious Aerosols: Implications for Infection Control
Fennelly, K. P. (2020) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30323-4 · Cited by 621
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Walsh, 2020, Safety and immunogenicity of two RNA-based Covid-19 vaccine candidates, N Engl J Med, 383, 2439, 10.1056/NEJMoa2027906 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–158 of 158
State-of-the-art review on liposomes as versatile cancer vaccine delivery systems
Vatankhah, A., Oroojalian, F., Moghaddam, S. H., Kesharwani, P., & Sahebkar, A. (2025) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2025.106975 · Cited by 7
Research advances of extracellular vesicles in lung diseases
Wang, J., Shi, Y., Su, Y., Pang, C., Yang, Y., & Wang, W. (2025) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.1177/09636897251362031 · Cited by 7
Liang, Y., Tan, X., Yang, Y. R., Zhang, J., Gao, X., Yin, M., Gao, H., Yang, S. X., & Zhang, K. (2025) · Nano Research · doi:10.26599/nr.2025.94907874 · Cited by 6
Learn from nature: Biomimetic nanocarriers for intracellular protein delivery
Zhu, C., Pu, Y., & Liang, L. (2025) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.09.048 · Cited by 7
The role and prospects of extracellular vesicles in advanced drug and vaccine delivery
Huang, D., Shen, H., Jin, Q., Chen, T., Xie, Y., Rao, D., & Liu, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1781365 · Cited by 6
Respiratory mucosal vaccines: Applications, delivery strategies and design considerations
Shi, T., Ye, Y., Fan, Z., Yang, Q., Ma, Y., & Zhu, J. (2025) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118326 · Cited by 8
Milk extracellular Vesicles: A promising oral drug delivery system for intestinal diseases
Wang, Y., Ouyang, K., Liao, Y., Chen, J., Xiong, J., Sun, J., Sun, J., Xi, Q., Chen, T., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2024.104641 · Cited by 5
Photocrosslinkable and biodegradable hydrogels for the controlled delivery of exosomesPreprint
Ayala‐Mar, S., Jeon, O., Chacón-Ponce, P., González‐Valdez, J., & Alsberg, E. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.04.01.646472 · Cited by 8
Tang, J., Wang, Z., Yang, D., & Yao, C. (2025) · ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00216 · Cited by 4
Dang, Y., Yan, C., Rui, H., Yan, X., Li, M., Dong, X., & Ma, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1799086 · Cited by 4
Zhang, X., Ye, X., Xie, Y., Yang, Z., Spanos, M., Guo, Z., Jin, Y., Li, G., Lei, Z., Schiffelers, R. M., et al. (2025) · Research · doi:10.34133/research.0609 · Cited by 4
A game of hide-and-seek: how extracellular vesicles evade the immune system
Ghoshal, B., & Jhunjhunwala, S. (2025) · Drug Delivery and Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s13346-025-01789-w · Cited by 4
Li, J., Ren, X., Cao, L. L., Min, K., Wang, M., Lin, S., Lei, L., Tan, Z., Cheng, X., Li, X., et al. (2025) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-025-02052-y · Cited by 4
Association between acrolein exposure and respiratory hazards: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Liu, Q., Lou, H., Zhang, X., & Yang, Q. (2022) · Atmospheric Pollution Research · doi:10.1016/j.apr.2022.101633 · Cited by 4
Heendeniya, S. N., Chen, S., Bhatti, S. H., Zahra, Q. U. A., Rahimizadeh, K., Poudel, B. H., Wilton, S. D., & Veedu, R. N. (2025) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3389/ebm.2025.10784 · Cited by 3
LpqH-tagged microvesicles as mRNA vaccine carriers for specific delivery of mRNA into macrophages
Huo, F., Tang, J., Wu, R., Zhang, R., Wei, H., & Fu, Y. (2026) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2026.02.002 · Cited by 3
Visualizing extracellular vesicles in cancer: from biogenesis to theranostic applications
Deng, D., Wang, L., Zeng, Z., Lu, L., Yang, M., Wang, Y., Shi, X., Lovell, J. F., Zhang, J., & Jin, H. (2026) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-026-04223-6 · Cited by 3
Precision Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles as Programmable Carriers for mRNA Therapeutics
Yoon, H., Lee, G., Jo, J., Koo, J., Kim, E., Choi, H. J., Jung, S., Shin, Y., Oh, K. T., & Lim, C. (2026) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s595161 · Cited by 3
Artificially engineered vesicular vehicles for targeted therapy
Wang, Z., Yan, Y., Li, R., Zhu, Y., & Yang, G. (2024) · Extracellular Vesicle · doi:10.1016/j.vesic.2024.100047 · Cited by 3
Chen, L., Chen, B., & Su, X. (2025) · Bioengineering & Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/btm2.70025 · Cited by 3
WITHDRAWN: Engineering Exosomes and Exosome-like Nanovesicles for Improving Targeted Retention
Li, L., Wang, F., Zhu, D., Hu, S., Cheng, K., & Li, Z. (2024) · Fundamental Research · doi:10.1016/j.fmre.2023.11.024 · Cited by 3
Self-citationRetractedHybrid fibrous architectures-mediated gene transfer by pDNA nanoparticles into macrophages
Ghițman, J., Pîrcălăbioru, G. G., Deleanu, C., Vasile, E., Iliescu, C., & Iovu, H. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38071 · Cited by 3
Strategies to Improve the Stability and Translation of Therapeutic mRNAs
Gao, B., He, S., & Sun, Q. (2026) · Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-100724-084241 · Cited by 3
Yan, H., Zhang, L., Lv, X., Guo, T., Wang, Q., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1793559 · Cited by 2
Ultrasound-activated drug release with extracellular vesicles
Shi, X., He, W., Xu, H., Dasgupta, R., Clark, L., Zeng, H. M., Gupta, A., Mirle, N., Fenno, L. E., & Wang, H. (2026) · Cell Reports Physical Science · doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2026.103560 · Cited by 2
Engineered extracellular vesicles as “supply vehicles” to alleviate type 1 diabetes
Wang, F., & Li, Z. (2024) · Extracellular Vesicles and Circulating Nucleic Acids · doi:10.20517/evcna.2024.61 · Cited by 2
Translational inhalable extracellular vesicle‐based mRNA therapy for the treatment of lung cancer
Liu, M., Henick, B. S., & Cheng, K. (2025) · Clinical and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/ctm2.70186 · Cited by 2
Self-citationNext-Generation Nanoparticle-Enabled mRNA Vaccines in the Treatment of COVID-19
Kole, E. B., Jadhav, K., Singh, R., Verma, R. K., Chatterjee, A., & Naik, J. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems · doi:10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2025053265 · Cited by 1
Nebulized liposomal drug delivery: a SWOT analysis in drug development
Zhu, J., Chen, Q., Wang, W., Wu, C., Pan, X., & Huang, Z. (2025) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125962 · Cited by 1
Cao, Y., Meng, X., Xu, X., Xia, C., Yang, C., Cui, X., He, Q., & Song, G. (2025) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c01828 · Cited by 1
Dovaizem, N. L., Rebolledo, L. P., Ha, A. T., Chammas, R. J., Andrade, L. N. D. S., & Afonin, K. A. (2026) · ACS Nano Medicine · doi:10.1021/acsnanomed.6c00004 · Cited by 2
Prasher, P., Sharma, M., Fatima, R., Vishwas, S., Singh, S., Chakraborty, A., Gupta, G., Chellappan, D. K., Dureja, H., Oliver, B. G. G., et al. (2026) · Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology · doi:10.1080/08923973.2026.2625042 · Cited by 1
Inhalable bioadhesive barrier for lung protection and clearance of fine particulate matter
Liu, J., Yan, N., Liu, M., Shen, M., Hu, S., Mei, X., Zhu, D., Zhang, S., & Cheng, K. (2026) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.03.045 · Cited by 1
Self-citationFu, Z., Kuang, Y., Li, M., Zhou, K., Shi, H., Gu, Y., Wu, X., Zhu, Y., & Liu, J. (2026) · Extracellular Vesicles and Circulating Nucleic Acids · doi:10.20517/evcna.2025.184 · Cited by 1
Biomimetic lung-targeted nanomedicine: From chemical biology to respiratory disease therapy
Wu, S.-H., Lu, B., Chen, H., Yang, Y., Zhang, J., Guo, T., Liu, H., Han, J., Fan, X., & Li, H. (2026) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.115264 · Cited by 1
Ayala‐Mar, S., & González‐Valdez, J. (2023) · LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education and Technology (LACCEI) · doi:10.18687/laccei2023.1.1.1656 · Cited by 1
Pulmonary Delivery of Nucleic Acids
Conte, G., d’Angelo, I., Müller, J. T., Winkeljann, B., Carneiro, S. P., Merkel, O. M., & Ungaro, F. (2023) · AAPS introductions in the pharmaceutical sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47567-2_5 · Cited by 1
Exosomes nanovesicles for gene delivery and vaccination
Desai, N., Pande, S., Salave, S., & Vora, L. K. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29052-7.00013-1 · Cited by 1
Biomedical Applications of Extracellular Vesicles in Treatment of Disease
Wang, F., Ai, J., Zhang, Z., Li, Y., & Li, Z. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527842155.ch4
Mucosal mRNA Vaccines. Merits and PerspectivesPreprint
Toniolo, A., Maccari, G., & Camussi, G. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0614.v1
Bibliometric Analysis of MSC-based Therapies for Non-COVID-19 ARDS
Huang, S., Wang, D., Wang, Y., Ma, Q., Zhu, Z., Liu, X., Shen, T., Wang, X., Yang, G., Ma, S., et al. (2024) · Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.2174/011574888x299848240529052619
Extracellular vesicles the delivery of drugs through genetic engineering
Ankur, J., Soni, P., Malviya, N., Sapna, M., & Kharia, A. (2024) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis · doi:10.18231/j.ijpca.2024.017
Effect of environment of the respiratory tract on nanomedicine drug delivery
Imran, M., Chaudhary, A., Ali, M., Jha, S. K., & Mohammed, Y. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-22374-7.00003-7
Zhang, N., Bai, S., Liu, J., Huang, X., Liu, L. N., Gao, Y.-R., Ying, S.-Q., Zheng, C., Xu, H., Chen, X., et al. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.162105
MicroRNAs and mRNAs: A comparative analysis in translation and commercialization
Cheng, J., Bai, W., & Caranasos, T. G. (2025) · Engineered Regeneration · doi:10.1016/j.engreg.2025.04.001
Zheng, W., Zhu, T., Tang, L., Li, Z., Jiang, G., & Huang, X. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23504979
Exosomes in reproductive biology and medicine
Menon, R., & Kammala, A. K. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-21564-3.00001-5
Biocompatibility, safety, and challenges in commercial, regulatory, and clinical translation
Kumar, T., Singh, C., Agrawal, A., & Kumar, A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-36641-3.00015-2
Raza, A., Wang, P., Liu, F., Arshad, S., Asim, M. H., Yang, Z., & Cai, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1860228
Potential and recent advances of stem cell exosomes in the repair of lung injury
Cai, W., Liao, S., Ran, J., Tan, B., Hong, L., Huang, A., Liao, X., Huang, J., Xiong, Y., Liang, J., et al. (2026) · TransMed · doi:10.1016/j.tmed.2026.100036
Optimization of Therapeutic modRNA Delivery to the Lung for Prevention of Pulmonary Fibrosis
Mainkar, G., Żak, M. M., Ghiringhelli, M., Yoo, J., Adjmi, M., Kaur, K., & Zangi, L. (2026) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics18070868
Hao, W., Zhao, Y., Cui, H., Liu, A., Gong, W., Wang, K., Lin, H., Hao, L., Han, F., & Yang, J. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18152564
Emerging mRNA-based nanomedicines for cancer immunotherapy
Yu, C., Wu, X., Luo, S., Wang, H., Huang, C., Zhang, L., & Zhu, D. (2026) · Chinese Chemical Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2026.113288
Nanomaterial Strategies for Pulmonary Delivery of Immunotherapeutics in Lung Cancer Treatment
Zhang, H., & Tang, W. (2026) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.71544
Therapeutic Reversal of PH-HFpEF via Lung Spheroid Cell Exosomes
Cantor, H. J., Zhu, D., Li, Z., Hu, S., Popowski, K. D., Liu, M., Li, J., Mullens, N., Thompson, E., Caddell, A., et al. (2026) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.6c06951
Self-citationYang, Y., Song, T., Huang, K., Huang, H., Zhao, M., & Li, Y. (2026) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics18091094
Li, T., Pang, T. C., Guo, L., Dong, C., & Chang, Y. (2026) · Advanced Clinical Engineering · doi:10.2738/ace.2026.0012
Li, Q., Yang, J., Chen, X. L., Zhao, P., Luo, Z., Wang, Z., Yang, R., Zhou, M., 崔红平, Yao, Y., et al. (2026) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.71896
Metadata
- Authors
- Popowski, K. D., López de Juan Abad, B., George, A., Silkstone, D., Belcher, E., Chung, J., Ghodsi, A., Lutz, H., Davenport, J., Flanagan, M., Piedrahita, J., Dinh, P.-U. C., & Cheng, K.
- Affiliations
- North Carolina State University (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cheng, Ke
- ORCID
- Venue
- Extracellular Vesicle
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-12
- Volume
- 1
- Pages
- 100002
- ISSN
- 2773-0417 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9213043
- OpenAlex
- W4282972187
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 10
- FWCI
- 10.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Extracellular Vesicle (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (HL149940, HL137093, HL123920, HL147357, HL146153, HL144002)
- American Heart Association Inc (18TPA34230092, 19EIA34660286)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Inhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- exosomes, pulmonary drug delivery, mRNA delivery, lipid nanoparticle vaccine, nebulization, protein drug delivery, respiratory diseases, COVID-19 vaccines
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
