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Cited by 260Alzheimer's disease research and treatmentsDementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchEstrogen and related hormone effects

Gender, sex steroid hormones, and Alzheimer’s disease

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Vest, Rebekah S., Pike, Christian J.·2013·Hormones and Behavior
DOI 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.04.006PMC PMC3413783
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Abstract

Age-related loss of sex steroid hormones is a established risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in women and men. While the relationships between the sex steroid hormones and AD are not fully understood, findings from both human and experimental paradigms indicate that depletion of estrogens in women and androgens in men increases vulnerability of the aging brain to AD pathogenesis. We review evidence of a wide range of beneficial neural actions of sex steroid hormones that may contribute to their hypothesized protective roles against AD. Both estrogens and androgens exert general neuroprotective actions relevant to a several neurodegenerative conditions, some in a sex-specific manner, including protection from neuron death and promotion of select aspects of neural plasticity. In addition, estrogens and androgens regulate key processes implicated in AD pathogenesis, in particular the accumulation of β-amyloid protein. We discuss evidence of hormone-specific mechanisms related to the regulation of the production and clearance of β-amyloid as critical protective pathways. Continued elucidation of these pathways promises to yield effective hormone-based strategies to delay development of AD.

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Authors
Vest, R. S., & Pike, C. J.
Affiliations
University of Southern California (US)
Corresponding author
Pike, Christian J.
ORCID
Pike, Christian J.
Venue
Hormones and Behavior
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2013-02
Volume
63
Issue
2
Pages
301-307
ISSN
0018-506X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.04.006
PMC
PMC3413783
OpenAlex
W2075650045
Cited by
260
References
161
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 4
FWCI
2.09
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Hormones and Behavior (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institutes of Health (AG05142, AG26572, AG34103)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Keywords
Alzheimer's disease, sex hormones, estrogen, androgens, gender differences, neuroprotection, amyloid-beta, amyloid clearance, neuroplasticity, neurodegeneration, hormone replacement therapy, brain aging
MeSH terms
Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Male, Menopause, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Andropause

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