The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Safety assessment of Cnidium officinale rhizome extract in cosmetics using the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach
Abstract
Cosmetics often contain botanical extracts, which present a challenge for safety assessors due to their complex composition. The threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) approach is considered as a solution for the safety assessment of botanical extracts in cosmetics as part of next-generation risk assessment. In this study, we applied the TTC approach to evaluate the safety of Cnidium officinale rhizome extract (CORE), a widely used botanical extract in skin conditioning products. We identified 32 components of CORE through the USDA database and literature and determined the content of each component through literature or actual analysis where an authentic standard was available. Macro- and micronutrients were also analyzed to exclude them as safe components. The Toxtree® software was used to identify the Cramer class of remaining components. We estimated the systemic exposure of each component from leave-on type cosmetic products containing CORE at a 1% concentration and compared the results to TTC thresholds. All components of CORE had a systemic exposure below the TTC threshold. While batch variations and presence of unknown chemicals in individual CORE materials should be considered, this study demonstrated that the TTC approach can be a useful tool for the safety assessment of botanical extracts in cosmetics.
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“Since its founding in 1976, the independent Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel, which is tasked with examining the safety of cosmetic ingredients, has painstakingly examined a wide range of more than 2,700 substances.”
From The dark side of beauty: an in-depth analysis of the health hazards and toxicological impact of synthetic cosmetics and personal care products (2024) · cites this paper as [129]
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Cites
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Estimation of toxic hazard—A decision tree approach
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Analysis of finite dose dermal absorption data: Implications for dermal exposure assessment
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- 2022, Food additives code, Minist. Food Drug Saf.
- 2022, INCI decoder, Prod.Cnid. Offic.Root Extr., 2022
- Patel, 2020, Bolstering the existing database supporting the non-cancer Threshold of Toxicological Concern values with toxicity data on fragrance-related materials, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 116, 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104718 · DOI
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Cited by
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Alnuqaydan, A. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1439027 · Cited by 84
Jeon, S., Lee, E., Nam, S., & Lim, K. (2024) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105620 · Cited by 10
Self-citationGil, S., & Lim, K. (2025) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics12040133 · Cited by 3
Self-citationToxicity assessment of nanocosmetics: techniques and necessity for safety evaluation
Kulkarni, D. A., Musale, S., Sherkar, R., Puri, A., Eknure, C., & Gurumukhi, V. (2026) · Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology · doi:10.1080/15569527.2026.2692369 · Cited by 1
A Cloud Platform for Data of Three-Product Rapid Detection in the Development of Cloud Computing
Jiang, Q. (2023) · International Conference on Computer Science and Automation Technology (CSAT) · doi:10.1109/csat61646.2023.00012
Metadata
- Authors
- Jeon, S., Lee, E.-Y., Hillman, P. F., Nam, S.-J., & Lim, K.-M.
- Affiliations
- Ewha Womans University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Nam, Sang-Jip
- Lim, Kyung-Min
- Venue
- Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-08
- Volume
- 142
- Pages
- 105433
- ISSN
- 0273-2300 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4380151583
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 2.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of Korea (2021R1A2C2013347)
- Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (2018R1A5A2025286)
- Ministry of Health and Welfare
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry Medicinal Plant Applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural safety and regulations
- Keywords
- threshold of toxicological concern, plant extracts, cosmetic safety assessment, systemic exposure, Toxtree, next generation risk assessment, batch-to-batch variation
- MeSH terms
- Cosmetics, Software, Risk Assessment, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level, Rhizome, Cnidium
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