Cited by 1,176Electromagnetic Fields and Biological EffectsGeomagnetism and Paleomagnetism StudiesElectron Spin Resonance Studies

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A Model for Photoreceptor-Based Magnetoreception in Birds

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Ritz, Thorsten, Adem, Salih, Schulten, Klaus·2000·Biophysical Journal

DOI 10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76629-xPMC PMC1300674

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Abstract

A large variety of animals has the ability to sense the geomagnetic field and utilize it as a source of directional (compass) information. It is not known by which biophysical mechanism this magnetoreception is achieved. We investigate the possibility that magnetoreception involves radical-pair processes that are governed by anisotropic hyperfine coupling between (unpaired) electron and nuclear spins. We will show theoretically that fields of geomagnetic field strength and weaker can produce significantly different reaction yields for different alignments of the radical pairs with the magnetic field. As a model for a magnetic sensory organ we propose a system of radical pairs being 1) orientationally ordered in a molecular substrate and 2) exhibiting changes in the reaction yields that affect the visual transduction pathway. We evaluate three-dimensional visual modulation patterns that can arise from the influence of the geomagnetic field on radical-pair systems. The variations of these patterns with orientation and field strength can furnish the magnetic compass ability of birds with the same characteristics as observed in behavioral experiments. We propose that the recently discovered photoreceptor cryptochrome is part of the magnetoreception system and suggest further studies to prove or disprove this hypothesis.

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Hert, J., Jelínek, L., Pekarek, L., & Pavlíček, A. (2011) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-011-0628-7 · Cited by 17
“The three proposed mechanisms, one based on the presence of ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic microcrystals in the body tissue [7], another based on electric currents induced in the body of an animal moving in the Earth’s magnetic field [8], and the third based on chemical reactions connected with the influence of a magn…”
Background
Radical-pair-based magnetoreception in birds: radio-frequency experiments and the role of cryptochrome
Nießner, C., & Michael Winklhofer, A. (2017) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-017-1189-1 · Cited by 17
“…compass in birds—polarity insensitivity and light-dependence—are consistent with a photo-activated radical pair (Schulten et al. 1978; Schulten 1982; Ritz et al. 2000; recent review: Hore and Mouritsen 2016) and has guided the search for a molecule that acts as a magnetic field * Michael…”
Background
Blue light-dependent human magnetoreception in geomagnetic food orientation
Chae, K. S., Oh, I., Lee, S., & Kim, S.-C. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211826 · Cited by 17
Magnetic Field Effect in the Reaction of Recombination of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Anion
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Spontaneous preferences for magnetic compass direction in the American red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens (Salamandridae, Urodela)
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Extracellular recordings reveal absence of magneto sensitive units in the avian optic tectum
Ramírez, E., Marin, G. J., Mpodozis, J., & Letelier, J. (2014) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-014-0947-6 · Cited by 17
“The other model, known as the chemical hypothesis, exploits a quantum property of the excitation of electrons by green or blue photons (Ritz et al. 2000; Schulten et al. 1978; Rodgers and Hore 2009), and recently, a detailed molecular mechanism, involving the flavin cofactor of the cryptochrome…”
Background
Different responses in two strains of chickens (Gallus gallus) in a magnetic orientation test
Freire, R., Munro, U. H., Rogers, L. J., Sagasser, S., Wiltschko, R., & Wiltschko, W. (2008) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-008-0147-2 · Cited by 17
“The currently discussed hypothesis assumes a radical pairs mechanism based on spin-correlated chemical reactions that are sensitive to magnetic Welds ( Ritz et al. 2000 ), which is supported by experimental evidence in passerine birds (Ritz et al. 2004; Thalau et al. 2005) and recently also in domestic chicken (Wiltsc…”
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The expression, localisation and interactome of pigeon CRY2
Balay, S. D., Hochstoeger, T., Vilceanu, A., Malkemper, E. P., Snider, W., Dürnberger, G., Mechtler, K., Schüchner, S., Ogris, E., Nordmann, G. C., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99207-x · Cited by 16
Adaptive evolution and loss of a putative magnetoreceptor in passerines
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“Increasing evidence suggests that a light-induced radical-pair based mechanism in cryptochrome (Cry) proteins forms the basis for magnetoreception in night-migratory songbirds [13 – 15].”
Background
Photoactivation of Cryptochromes from Drosophila melanogaster and Sylvia borin : Insight into the Chemical Compass Mechanism by Computational Investigation
Hong, G., & Pachter, R. (2015) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp508871h · Cited by 16
Floquet theory of radical pairs in radiofrequency magnetic fields
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Quantum-limited biochemical magnetometers designed using the Fisher information and quantum reaction control
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Magnetoreception of Photoactivated Cryptochrome 1 in Electrochemistry and Electron Transfer
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“Magnetoreception of CRYs has been explained by a radical-pair-based mechanism.(16,23) The magnetic sensitivity arises from chemical intermediates formed by photoexcitation of cryptochrome proteins.”
Background
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Hyperfine coupling dependence of the effects of weak magnetic fields on the recombination reactions of radicals generated from polymerisation photoinitiators
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“Although, both magnetoreception mechanisms differ in their functional properties (Ritz et al. 2000, 2004, 2010; Wiltschko and Wiltschko 2005; Rodgers and Hore 2009), the available evidence demonstrates that both mechanisms are not necessarily mutually exclusive since at least birds (Wiltschko et…”
Background
Learned and spontaneous magnetosensitive behaviour in the Roborovski hamster (Phodopus roborovskii)
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The reference-probe model for a robust and optimal radical-pair-based magnetic compass sensor
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Self-citation
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‘Fixed direction’-responses of birds in the geomagnetic field
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Role of chiral-induced spin selectivity in the radical pair mechanism of avian magnetoreception
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“Based on the behavioral experiment, we expect that the avian compass show maximum sensitivity around the earth’s magnetic field and a reduced sensitivity around other magnetic fields [3, 20].”
BackgroundResult
Avian navigation: the geomagnetic field provides compass cues but not a bicoordinate “map” plus a brief discussion of the alternative infrasound direction-finding hypothesis
Hagstrum, J. T. (2023) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-023-01627-9 · Cited by 15
“…concerns magnetically sensitive radical pairs formed by photoexcitation of cryptochrome proteins within the organism’s retina (Schulten et al. 1978; Ritz and Schulten 2000; Wiltschko and Wiltschko 2014; Hore and Mouritsen 2016), whereas a magnetite-based hypothesis involves detection of…”
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Authors: Ritz, T., Adem, S., & Schulten, K.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
Corresponding author: Schulten, Klaus
ORCID: Ritz, Thorsten
Schulten, Klaus
Venue: Biophysical Journal
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2000-02
Volume: 78
Issue: 2
Pages: 707-718
ISSN: 0006-3495 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76629-x
PMC: PMC1300674
OpenAlex: W2138668594
Cited by: 1,176
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 68 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 42
FWCI: 8.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 4914 d)
Locations: Biophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Center for Research Resources (P41RR005969)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Studies
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Electron Spin Resonance Studies
Keywords: magnetoreception, birds, geomagnetic field, radical pairs, cryptochrome, photoreceptors, hyperfine interaction, magnetic compass, phototransduction, reaction yield
MeSH terms: Animals, Birds, Eye Proteins, Flavoproteins, Homing Behavior, Magnetics, Models, Biological, Visual Perception, Anisotropy, Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate, Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate, Drosophila Proteins, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Cryptochromes

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A Model for Photoreceptor-Based Magnetoreception in Birds

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