Memory for at least one of two items: Test and failure of several theories of spacing effects
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Ross and Landauer (1978) showed that greater spacing between two instances of two different words presented at various list positions did not enhance the probability that the subject would later recollect either the first- or the second-presented item.
“One potential problem for encoding variability theory comes from Ross and Landauer (1978), who showed that greater spacing between two instances of two different words presented at various list positions did not enhance the probability that the subject would later recollect either the first- or the second-presented item.”
From Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis. (2006) · cites this paper as Ross and Landauer (1978)
Cites
Statistical theory of distributional phenomena in learning
Estes, W. K. (1955) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0046888 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
The spacing effect: consolidation or differential encoding?
Bjork, R. A., & Allen, T. W. (1970) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(70)80103-7 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
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Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis.
Cepeda, N. J., Pashler, H., Vul, E., Wixted, J. T., & Rohrer, D. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.354 · Cited by 1,888 · see citing works
(2010) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(10)53003-2 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Distributed and massed practice from laboratory to classroom
Seabrook, R., Brown, G. D. A., & Solity, J. E. (2005) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1066 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
When forgetting helps memory: an analysis of repetition effects
Cuddy, L. J., & Jacoby, L. L. (1982) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(82)90727-7 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Spacing repetitions over 1 week
Glenberg, A. M., & Lehmann, T. S. (1980) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03213772 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Contextual variability in free recall
Lohnas, L. J., Polyn, S. M., & Kahana, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2010.11.003 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ross, B. H., & Landauer, T. K.
- Corresponding author
- Landauer, Thomas K.
- Venue
- Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1978-12
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 669-680
- ISSN
- 0022-5371 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1978444952
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 0.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Keywords
- spacing effect, recognition memory, free recall, word learning, verbal learning, memory theory
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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