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Cited by 266Regulation of Appetite and ObesityAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesPancreatic function and diabetes

GIF biology and fat metabolism

Open access
Yip, Rupert G.C., Wolfe, M.Michael·1999·Life Sciences
DOI 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00314-8
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Abstract

The gastrointestinal hormone, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), is synthesized and released from the duodenum and proximal jejunum postprandially. Its release depends upon several factors including meal content and pre-existing health status (ie. obesity, diabetes, age, etc.). It was initially discovered and named for its gastric acid inhibitory properties. However, its more physiologically relevant role appears to be as an insulinotropic agent with a stimulatory effect on insulin release and synthesis. Accordingly, it was later renamed glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide because its action on insulin release depends upon an increase in circulating levels of glucose. GIP is considered to be one of the principle incretin factors of the enteroinsular axis. The GIP receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor belonging to the family of secretin/VIP receptors. GIP receptor mRNA is widely distributed in peripheral organs, including the pancreas, gut, adipose tissue, heart, adrenal cortex, and brain, suggesting it may have other functions in addition to the ones mentioned above. An overactive enteroinsular axis has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and obesity. In addition to stimulating insulin release, GIP has been shown to amplify the effect of insulin on target tissues. In adipose tissue, GIP has been reported to (1) stimulate fatty acid synthesis, (2) enhance insulin-stimulated incorporation of fatty acids into triglycerides, (3) increase insulin receptor affinity, and (4) increase sensitivity of insulin-stimulated glucose transport. In addition, although controversial, lipolytic properties of GIP have been proposed. The mechanism of action of GIP-induced effects on adipocytes is unknown, and it is unclear whether these effects of GIP on adipocytes are direct or indirect. However, there is now evidence that GIP receptors are expressed on adipocytes and that these receptors respond to GIP stimulation. Given the location of its release and the timing of its release, GIP is an ideal anabolic agent and expanding our understanding of its physiology will be needed to determine its exact role in the etiology of diabetes mellitus and obesity.

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  • In human adipocytes, GIP receptors are present and functionally active.

    “In human adipocytes, GIP receptors are present and functionally active [23‐25].”

    From Tirzepatide as monotherapy improved markers of beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1). (2023) · cites this paper as [23]

    The section on GIP effects on fat cells (page unavailable) reports GIP receptor expression and a response to GIP stimulation in rat adipocytes and a mouse adipocyte model. It does not establish that receptors are present and functionally active in human adipocytes. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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Authors
Yip, R. G. C., & Wolfe, M. M.
Affiliations
Boston University (US)
ORCID
Wolfe, M.Michael
Venue
Life Sciences
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1999-12
Volume
66
Issue
2
Pages
91-103
ISSN
0024-3205 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00314-8
OpenAlex
W2004507897
Cited by
266
References
95
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 15
FWCI
0.49
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Life Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
Keywords
glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, GIP receptor, incretins, enteroinsular axis, insulin secretion, fat metabolism, adipose tissue, fatty acid synthesis, triglyceride synthesis, insulin sensitivity, lipolysis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, G protein-coupled receptors
MeSH terms
Adipose Tissue, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Obesity, Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone, Adipocytes

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