The DOI matches its Crossref record; 91 of the 92 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The dependence of span and delayed-response performance on prefrontal cortex.
Open accessAbstract
Theoretical and empirical research on the cognitive functions of the prefrontal cortex have established that this region mediates what have been called 'executive' processes that can influence working and long-term memory. Despite the accumulation of such empirical evidence, the dependence of purely mnemonic portions of memory tasks on PFC remains unresolved. To address this issue, we performed an analysis of reports of performance on tests of working memory of patients with lesions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, focusing on published reports in the literature of simple span and delayed-response tasks. We found that none of the eleven studies of forward verbal and spatial span in patients with prefrontal cortical lesions that we reviewed (reflecting the performance of 166 individual patients) demonstrated a statistically significant deficit relative to normal controls. In contrast, our review of the delayed-response literature indicated that there are conditions under which PFC lesions disrupt delayed-response performance. Based on the results of our review of the literature, we present testable hypotheses about the working memory functions of the PFC.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“These measures might not be sensitive enough to detect small changes induced by experimental manipulations in young, healthy subjects [38], [39], [40].”
From Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans (2011) · cites this paper as [40]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain
Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,798
Plum, F. (1960) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1960.03840090124020 · Cited by 10,388
Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain
Laitinen, L. (1989) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/0303-8467(89)90128-5 · Cited by 7,565
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-0626 · Cited by 4,726
Berti, A. (1992) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(92)90076-x · Cited by 4,190
Costs of a predictible switch between simple cognitive tasks.
Rogers, R. D., & Monsell, S. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.124.2.207 · Cited by 3,170
Human memory : theory and practice
Baddeley, A. (1990) · Cited by 3,045
Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Funahashi, S., Bruce, C. J., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1989) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1989.61.2.331 · Cited by 2,685
Interhemispheric differences in the localization of psychological processes in man.
Milner, B. (1971) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a070866 · Cited by 2,405
The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe
Fuster, J. M. (1980) · Cited by 2,367
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Baldo JV. Spatial and object working memory in patients with lateral prefontal cortex lesions. Unpublished thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1997
- Jacobsen, 1936, The functions of the frontal association areas in monkeys, Comparative Psychology Monographs, 13, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–350 of 350
Inferior Frontal and Middle Temporal Lobe Contributions to Goal-directed Cognition
Souza, M. J. (2010) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Walker, J. (2016) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Broca's area: From speech to music
Arsenić, I., Pavlović, D. M., & Jovanović-Simić, N. (2017) · Engrami · doi:10.5937/engrami1701033a
Decision making under risk in multiple sclerosis
Radomski, A. D. (2013) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3bg2hh5w
Intraindividual variability, gait and falls in old age
Graveson, J. (2017) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Kelleher, R. (2018) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro)
Brain Dynamics in Pediatric MEG
Ciesielski, K. T. R., & Stephen, J. M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62657-4_88-1
Marques, J. C. F. B. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.39.2019.tde-14062019-152158
Willingham, D. T., & Riener, C. R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316271988.006
Willingham, D. T., & Riener, C. R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316271988.007
The relation among aging, dopamine-regulating genes, and neurocognition
Li, X. (2020) · Figshare
Willingham, D. T., & Riener, C. R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316271988.008
Lanzoni, L. (2020) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.32176.48645
Willingham, D. T., & Riener, C. R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316271988.001
Willingham, D. T., & Riener, C. R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316271988.015
Willingham, D. T., & Riener, C. R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316271988.009
Brain Dynamics in Pediatric MEG
Ciesielski, K. T. R., & Stephen, J. M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00087-5_88
Willingham, D. T., & Riener, C. R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316271988.016
Cognitive Psychologists’ Approach to Research
Willingham, D. T., & Riener, C. R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316271988.002
Willingham, D. T., & Riener, C. R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316271988.004
Willingham, D. T., & Riener, C. R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316271988.013
Willingham, D. T., & Riener, C. R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316271988.012
Willingham, D. T., & Riener, C. R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316271988.011
Willingham, D. T., & Riener, C. R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316271988.005
Willingham, D. T., & Riener, C. R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316271988.017
Methods of Cognitive Psychology
Willingham, D. T., & Riener, C. R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316271988.003
(2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803813-0.16001-5
Luciana, M. M. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_21
ALEXANDER, M. P., & Lim, C. S. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139058988.023
(2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415805-4.00020-5
Willingham, D. T., & Riener, C. R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316271988.018
Examination Stress and Components of Working Memory
(2012) · SpringerReference · doi:10.1007/springerreference_302059
(2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394260171.refs
Memory I: Models of Memory and Memory Systems
Weisberg, R. W., & Reeves, L. M. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394260171.ch2
Aging Cognitive Control and Inhibition: Parallel or Joint Processes?
Kandasamy, K. (2024) · doi:10.32920/25219211
Aging Cognitive Control and Inhibition: Parallel or Joint Processes?
Kandasamy, K. (2024) · doi:10.32920/25219211.v1
Lateral prefrontal cortex controls interplay between working memory and actionsPreprint
Kiyonaga, A., Miller, J. A., & D’Esposito, M. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613601
Self-citationEffect of blur level and stimulus type on N-Back task performance: An EEG study
Pergher, V., Libert, A., & Hulle, M. M. V. (2024) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506285.2024.2425985
Munroe, C. A., Leckey, J., Johnson, S. A., & Jacques, S. (2025) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911251317788
Evolutionary road to primate prefrontal cortex
Zeisler, Z. R., & Rudebeck, P. H. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27380-3.00020-8
Godefroy, O. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139058988.002
Albouy, P. (2013) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/3a2ec67ez135cz4270z9560z3076929a213f · Cited by 1
Neural synchrony between prefrontal and visual cortex supports visual working memoryPreprint
Dake, M., Dandekar, S., & Curtis, C. E. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.06.05.730488
Age-related changes in prefrontal cortex function: links between sleep EEG and cognition
Webb, C. E. (2011) · Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University)
Exploring the neural basis of top-down guided action in macaque monkeys
Phillips, J. M. (2013) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
Metadata
- Authors
- D’Esposito, M., & Postle, B. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- D’Esposito, Mark
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-10
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1303-1315
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2147954876
- Cited by
- 350
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 7.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k08ns001762-05, 7r01ag013483-05)
- National Institute on Aging (AG 13483)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 01762)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- prefrontal cortex, working memory, delayed response, executive function, verbal span, spatial span, memory impairment
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Memory Disorders, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Perceptual Masking, Mental Recall, Serial Learning, Space Perception, Time Factors, Volition, Prefrontal Cortex, Brain Injury, Chronic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
