Cited by 1,021Neuroendocrine regulation and behaviorStress Responses and CortisolAnimal Behavior and Reproduction

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Variations in maternal care in the rat as a mediating influence for the effects of environment on development

Champagne, Frances A, Francis, Darlene D, Mar, Adam, Meaney, Michael J·2003·Physiology & Behavior

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Abstract

Variations in maternal care have been widely considered as a critical influence in development. In the rat, variations in maternal behavior, particularly in licking/grooming, regulate the development of endocrine, emotional and cognitive responses to stress. These studies form the basis of a potentially useful model for the study of maternal effects in mammals. In this paper we provide a detailed methodological investigation into this model of maternal behavior, providing an analysis of the frequency, temporal dynamics, and transmission of maternal licking/grooming in several large cohorts. Frequency data indicate that licking/grooming is normally distributed across dams. The peak in licking/grooming occurs in the first few days postpartum and gradually declines. Dams designated as High or Low LG mothers differ in this behavior only during the first week postpartum. Observations over Days 2 to 5 postpartum are essential for the reliable assessments of individual differences in maternal behavior. Individual differences in licking/grooming behavior are stable across multiple litters, and are not associated with differences in litter size, weaning weight of pups, or gender ratio of the litter. We also observed no significant differences in the amount of licking/grooming received by individual pups within a litter, though variation does exist. Finally, maternal licking/grooming is transmitted to female offspring, though there is considerable within-litter variation in the expression of this behavior. Overall, these findings indicate considerable, normal variations in licking/grooming in the rat that are a stable, individual characteristic of rat dams.

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Authors: Champagne, F. A., Francis, D. D., Mar, A., & Meaney, M. J.
Affiliations: Douglas Mental Health University Institute (CA)
Corresponding author: Meaney, Michael J
ORCID: Champagne, Frances A
Mar, Adam
Meaney, Michael J
Venue: Physiology & Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2003-08
Volume: 79
Issue: 3
Pages: 359-371
ISSN: 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(03)00149-5
OpenAlex: W2110374066
Cited by: 1,021
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 30 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 64
FWCI: 37.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
Keywords: maternal behavior, intergenerational transmission, individual differences, postpartum behavior, litter size, pup weight, maternal effects, rat model
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Female, Grooming, Imprinting, Psychological, Individuality, Lactation, Litter Size, Maternal Behavior, Phenotype, Sex Factors, Rats, Long-Evans, Models, Animal, Rats

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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Variations in maternal care in the rat as a mediating influence for the effects of environment on development

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