The DOI matches its Crossref record; 126 of the 126 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Glatiramer acetate: mechanisms of action in multiple sclerosis.
Abstract
Glatiramer acetate (GA), formerly known as copolymer 1, is a mixture of synthetic polypeptides composed of four amino acids resembling the myelin basic protein (MSP). GA has been shown to be highly effective in preventing and suppressing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, it was tested in several clinical studies and so approved for the immunomodulatory treatment of relapsing-type MS. In contrast to other immunomodulatory MS therapies, GA has a distinct mechanism of action: GA demonstrates an initial strong promiscuous binding to major histocompatibility complex molecules and consequent competition with various (myelin) antigens for their presentation to T cells. In addition, antigen-based therapy generating a GA-specific immune response seems to be the prerequisite for GA therapy. GA treatment induces an in vivo change of the frequency, cytokine secretion pattern and the effector function of GA-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, probably by affecting the properties of antigen-presenting cells such as monocytes and dendritic cells. As demonstrated extensively in animal experiments, GA-specific, mostly, T helper 2 cells migrate to the brain and lead to in situ bystander suppression of the inflammatory process in the brain. Furthermore, GA-specific cells in the brain express neurotrophic factors like the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in addition to anti-inflammatory T helper 2-like cytokines. This might help tip the balance in favor of more beneficial influences because there is a complex interplay between detrimental and beneficial factors and mediators in the inflammatory milieu of MS lesions.
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“Copaxone [44] (glatiramer acetate) is a polypeptide composed of amino acids that mimic amino acids found in the main myelin-sheath protein.”
From Fabrication Principles and Their Contribution to the Superior In Vivo Therapeutic Efficacy of Nano-Liposomes Remote Loaded with Glucocorticoids (2011) · cites this paper as [44]
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Du, C., Liu, C., Kang, J., Zhao, G., Ye, Z., Huang, S., Li, Z., Wu, Z., & Pei, G. (2009) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1798 · Cited by 811
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ziemssen, T., & Schrempf, W.
- Affiliations
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- ORCID
- Ziemssen, Tjalf
- Venue
- International review of neurobiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 79
- Pages
- 537-570
- ISSN
- 0074-7742 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1906718334
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 126
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 42.44
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International review of neurobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Keywords
- glatiramer acetate, multiple sclerosis, mechanism of action, myelin basic protein, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, MHC binding, antigen presentation, T cell regulation, dendritic cells, monocytes, antigen-presenting cells, Th2 cells, bystander suppression, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophic factors, immunomodulatory therapy, cytokine production
- MeSH terms
- Glatiramer Acetate, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents, Lymphocyte Activation, Lymphocytes, Multiple Sclerosis, Peptides, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
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