The DOI matches its Crossref record; 203 of the 203 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine
Open accessAbstract
Clinicians can encounter sex and gender disparities in diagnostic and therapeutic responses. These disparities are noted in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, disease progression, and response to treatment. This Review discusses the fundamental influences of sex and gender as modifiers of the major causes of death and morbidity. We articulate how the genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal influences of biological sex influence physiology and disease, and how the social constructs of gender affect the behaviour of the community, clinicians, and patients in the health-care system and interact with pathobiology. We aim to guide clinicians and researchers to consider sex and gender in their approach to diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases as a necessary and fundamental step towards precision medicine, which will benefit men's and women's health.
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“Remarkably, achievement of MASH resolution requires moderate body weight reduction for men, whereas much greater weight loss is required for resolution in pre-menopausal women [30].”
From Obesity and MASLD: Is weight loss the (only) key to treat metabolic liver disease? (2024) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Sex and gender are important determinants of health outcomes.58”
From Global health 2050: the path to halving premature death by mid-century (2024) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Sex-related and gender-related attributes separately and jointly act as moderators of many human health outcomes7,52.”
From Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“It is not known whether these newer diabetes medications are equally beneficial in women [12,13].”
From Real-world sex differences in type 2 diabetes patients treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
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Items 201–203 of 203
Self-Rated Health and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: Race by Gender Differences
Assari, S., Lankarani, M. M., Piette, J. D., et al. (2017) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-017-0416-3 · Cited by 12
Zhu, L., Rochon, P. A., Gruneir, A., Wu, W., Giannakeas, V., Austin, P. C., Stall, N. M., McCarthy, L. M., Alberga, A., Herrmann, N., et al. (2019) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.1007/s40266-019-00690-9 · Cited by 7
Sex differences exist after intracerebral hemorrhage but may not affect outcome
Woo, D., & James, M. L. (2016) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000002794 · Cited by 2
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Regitz-Zagrosek, 2016, Gender in cardiovascular diseases: impact on clinical manifestations, management, and outcomes, Eur Heart J, 37, 24, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv598 · DOI
- Benjamin, 2019, Heart disease and stroke statistics—2019 update: a report from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 139, e56, 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000659 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice
Visseren, F. L. J., Mach, F., Smulders, Y. M., Carballo, D., Koskinas, K. C., Bäck, M., Benetos, A., Biffi, A., Boavida, J.-M., Capodanno, D., et al. (2021) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484 · Cited by 6,485
Self-citation2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension
McEvoy, J. W., McCarthy, C. P., Bruno, R. M., Brouwers, S., Canavan, M. D., Ceconi, C., Christodorescu, R. M., Daskalopoulou, S. S., Ferro, C. J., Gerdts, E., et al. (2024) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae178 · Cited by 2,298
Self-citationSex differences in type 2 diabetes
Kautzky-Willer, A., Leutner, M., & Harreiter, J. (2023) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-023-05891-x · Cited by 624
Sex differences in biological aging with a focus on human studies
Hägg, S., & Jylhävä, J. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.63425 · Cited by 442
Sex differences in the prevalence, outcomes and management of hypertension
Connelly, P. J., Currie, G., & Delles, C. (2022) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-022-01183-8 · Cited by 320
Metadata
- Authors
- Mauvais-Jarvis, F., Bairey Merz, N., Barnes, P. J., Brinton, R. D., Carrero, J.-J., DeMeo, D. L., De Vries, G. J., Epperson, C. N., Govindan, R., Klein, S. L., Lonardo, A., Maki, P. M., McCullough, L. D., Regitz-Zagrosek, V., Regensteiner, J. G., Rubin, J. B., Sandberg, K., & Suzuki, A.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (IT)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- Georgetown University (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 396
- Issue
- 10250
- Pages
- 565-582
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC7440877
- OpenAlex
- W3057302762
- Cited by
- 2,001
- References
- 203
- Citations by year
- 2026: 262 · 2025: 346 · 2024: 436 · 2023: 324 · 2022: 311 · 2021: 282 · 2020: 38
- FWCI
- 39.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2020-09-05)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Universität Zürich
- National Institutes of Health (HL105339, HD057022, DK074970, DK107444, AG059093, HL132825, AG060730, AG057931, AG062333, AG026572, CA174737, NS08779, AG053589, HL114501, HL119380, NS096493)
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (BX003725, CX001532)
- VetenskapsrÃ¥det (2019–01059)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Diversity and Career in Medicine
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Keywords
- sex differences, gender differences, sex as a biological variable, sex hormones, epigenetics, biological sex, gender construction, precision medicine, women's health, men's health, disease susceptibility, treatment response
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Acute Disease, Cause of Death, Chronic Disease, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Pneumonia, Viral, Sex Characteristics, Sex Factors, Sex Distribution, Coronavirus Infections, Precision Medicine, Pandemics
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