Cited by 1,065HIV-related health complications and treatmentsLipid metabolism and disordersPeroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Pathogenesis of HIV-1-protease inhibitor-associated peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and insulin resistance.

Carr, Andrew, Samaras, Katherine, Chisholm, Donald J, Cooper, David A·1998·The Lancet

DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)03391-1

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

HIV-1 protease-inhibitor treatments are associated with a syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy, central adiposity, breast hypertrophy in women, hyperlipidaemia, and insulin resistance. The catalytic region of HIV-1 protease, to which protease inhibitors bind, has approximately 60% homology to regions within two proteins that regulate lipid metabolism: cytoplasmic retinoic-acid binding protein type 1 (CRABP-1) and low density lipoprotein-receptor-related protein (LRP). We hypothesise that protease inhibitors inhibit CRABP-1-modified, and cytochrome P450 3A-mediated synthesis of cis-9-retinoic acid, a key activator of the retinoid X receptor; and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor type gamma (PPAR-gamma) heterodimer, an adipocyte receptor that regulates peripheral adipocyte differentiation and apoptosis. Protease-inhibitor binding to LRP would impair hepatic chylomicron uptake and triglyceride clearance by the endothelial LRP-lipoprotein lipase complex. The resulting hyperlipidaemia contributes to central fat deposition (and in the breasts in the presence of oestrogen), insulin resistance, and, in susceptible individuals, type 2 diabetes. Understanding the syndrome's pathogenesis should lead to treatment strategies and to the design of protease inhibitors that do not cause this syndrome.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)03391-1

Cites

24 of 24 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The glucose fatty-acid cycle. Its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus
Randle, P. J., Garland, P. B., Hales, C. N., & Newsholme, E. A. (1963) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(63)91500-9 · Cited by 5,093
Stimulation of adipogenesis in fibroblasts by PPARγ2, a lipid-activated transcription factor
Tontonoz, P., Hu, E., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1994) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90006-x · Cited by 3,564
A decade of molecular biology of retinoic acid receptors
Chambon, P. (1996) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.10.9.8801176 · Cited by 2,889
15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin J2 is a ligand for the adipocyte determination factor PPARγ
FORMAN, B. M., Tontonoz, P., Chen, J., Brun, R. P., Spiegelman, B. M., & Evans, R. M. (1995) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90193-0 · Cited by 2,857
A syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance in patients receiving HIV protease inhibitors
Carr, A., Samaras, K., Burton, S., Law, M. G., Freund, J., Chisholm, D. J., & Cooper, D. A. (1998) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-199807000-00003 · Cited by 2,364
Self-citation
Three-dimensional structure of aspartyl protease from human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1
Navia, M. A., Fitzgerald, P. M. D., McKeever, B. M., Leu, C., Heimbach, J. C., Herber, W. K., Sigal, I. S., Darke, P. L., & Springer, J. P. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/337615a0 · Cited by 892
Visceral abdominal-fat accumulation associated with use of indinavir
Miller, K. D., Jones, E. C., Yanovski, J. A., Shankar, R., Feuerstein, I. M., & Falloon, J. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11518-5 · Cited by 697
The LDL–receptor–related protein, LRP, is an apolipoprotein E-binding protein
Beisiegel†, U., Weber, W. T., Ihrke, G., Herz, J., & Stanley, K. K. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/341162a0 · Cited by 680
HIV-1 protease inhibitors. A review for clinicians
Deeks, S. G. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.277.2.145 · Cited by 675
Sensitization of diabetic and obese mice to insulin by retinoid X receptor agonists
Mukherjee, R., Davies, P. J., Crombie, D. L., Bischoff, E. D., Cesario, R. M., Jow, L., Hamann, L. G., Boehm, M. F., Mondon, C. E., Nadzan, A. M., et al. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/386407a0 · Cited by 601

Show all 24 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Despres, 1995, The insulin-resistance-dysipidemic syndrome: contributioin of visceral obesity and therapeutic implications, Int J Obesity, 19, S76

Sorted by citations

Items 801–900 of 1,000

Computational Studies of HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors
Schaal, W. (2002) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 4
HIV Therapies and Atherosclerosis
Madamanchi, N. R., Patterson, C., & Runge, M. S. (2002) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000042080.46554.e6 · Cited by 4
Nutritional Interventions in Pediatric HIV: It's Hard to Hit a Moving Target
Miller, T. L. (2002) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1002/j.1536-4801.2002.tb07648.x · Cited by 4
The risk of myocardial infarction during HIV infection treated with antiretroviral combinations. A review
Manfredi, R., & Calza, L. (2009) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 3
The Patient With the Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 in the Cardiovascular Operative Setting
Conte, A. H., Esmailian, F., Labounty, T. M., Lubin, L. N., Hardy, W. D., & Yumul, R. (2012) · Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia · doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2012.06.029 · Cited by 3
In vivo assessment of antiretroviral therapy-associated side effects
Ramos-Sanchez, E. M., Goto, H., Rivero, D. H. R. F., Mauad, T., Souza, F. N., Monteiro, A. M., & Gidlund, M. (2014) · Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · doi:10.1590/0074-0276130559 · Cited by 3
“…antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been associated with a number of undesirable side effects that are associated with a range of metabolic complications and include dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, overt diabetes mellitus and sudden death (Carr et al. 1998, Anastos et al. 2007, George et al. 2010).”
Effect of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors on serum levels of myeloperoxidase and C-reactive protein in HIV-infected individuals
Borato, D. C. K., Kalva‐Filho, C. A., Machado, E. P., Barbosa, C. R., & Vellosa, J. C. R. (2022) · Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1590/s2175-97902020000118780 · Cited by 3
“Similarly, the LRP site is occupied by a hepatic cell receptor, which cleaves off the fatty acid, resulting in a lower uptake of triglycerides, with consequent hypertriglyceridemia (Carr et al., 1998).”
Background
LIPEMIA RETINALIS AS A PRESENTING FEATURE OF HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEASE INHIBITORS IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS–INFECTED PATIENTS
Chow, C. C., Birnbaum, A. D., Janowicz, M. J., & Goldstein, D. A. (2011) · Retinal Cases & Brief Reports · doi:10.1097/icb.0b013e318234ccdd · Cited by 3
Cytokine therapy or structured treatment interruptions in HIV infection: which is best?
Parienti, J. (2002) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.3.6.719 · Cited by 3
Australasian Hiv/Aids Conference 2009
Wright, E., Cameron, P. U., Reis, E., & Lewin, S. R. (2009) · HIV Therapy · doi:10.2217/hiv.09.59 · Cited by 3
Role of protease inhibitors and acylation stimulating protein in the adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells
Soliman, M. M., El-Senosi, Y. A.-F., Salem, M., Hamid, O. M. A., & Kimura, K. (2009) · Journal of Veterinary Science · doi:10.4142/jvs.2009.10.3.197 · Cited by 3
“However, patients under antiretroviral therapy develop a lipodystrophic syndrome as shown by altered body fat distribution and alterations of glucose and lipid metabolism [3,4,17,22].”
Background
The changing epidemic of HIV
Kellerman, S., WORTLEY, P. M., & Fleming, P. A. (2000) · Current Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.1007/s11908-000-0076-y · Cited by 3
Fat accumulation and HIV-1 protease inhibitors
Martínez, E. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)60793-3 · Cited by 3
Glucose‐stimulated prehepatic insulin secretion is associated with circulating alanine, triglyceride, glucagon, lactate and TNF‐α in patients with HIV‐lipodystrophy
Haugaard, S. B., Andersen, O., Pedersen, S. B., Dela, F., Deacon, C. F., Holst, J. J., Iversen, J., & Madsbad, S. (2006) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2006.00364.x · Cited by 3
Patogenia de la lipodistrofia y de las alteraciones metabólicas asociadas a la infección por el VIH
Muñoz‐Sanz, A., Rodríguez-Vidigal, F. F., & Domingo, P. (2006) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1157/13093057 · Cited by 3
Evolutionary Distance of Amino Acid Sequence Orthologs across Macaque Subspecies: Identifying Candidate Genes for SIV Resistance in Chinese Rhesus Macaques
Ross, C. T., Roodgar, M., & Smith, D. G. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123624 · Cited by 3
“This being said, it has been shown that some HIV protease inhibitors bind to a site on HIV-1 protease that shares approximately 60% homology to a region within LPL [83].”
BackgroundInfluential
Efectos secundarios de los fármacos antirretrovirales
de la Iglesia, J. E., García, M. L. P., & Martín, A. F. (2002) · FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/s1134-2072(02)75598-9 · Cited by 3
Significant Toxicities Associated with Antiretroviral Therapy
Kanmaz, T. J., & Lee, N. J. (2000) · Journal of Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.1106/2uu8-8jjd-uhru-c14r · Cited by 3
Foie et antirétroviraux : hépatotoxicité, stéatose et monitoring en cas d’hépatopathie
Bourlière, M., Duclos‐Vallée, J., & Pol, S. (2007) · Gastroentérologie Clinique et Biologique · doi:10.1016/s0399-8320(07)73987-8 · Cited by 3
Biochemical Manifestation of HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome
Ihenetu, K. (2012) · International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS · doi:10.21106/ijma.6 · Cited by 3
“Thus in a cross-sectional study, Carr et al.[15], reported that HIV positive patients on PI therapy had higher triglyceride levels (> 100”
BackgroundInfluential
A SIMPLE METHOD USING β-GLOBIN POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION FOR THE SPECIES IDENTIFICATION OF ANIMAL CELL LINES—A PROGRESS REPORT
Steube, K. G., Meyer, C., Uphoff, C. C., & Drexler, H. G. (2003) · In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal · doi:10.1290/0308057 · Cited by 16
HIV-Infektion
Bogner, J. R. (2012) · Der Internist · doi:10.1007/s00108-011-2972-7 · Cited by 3
Breast Hypertrophy Induced by Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Ribavirina
Gentili, M., Magni, C. F., Carnovale, C., Bolis, M., Landonio, S., Niero, F. P., Antoniazzi, S., Clementi, E., & Radice, S. (2016) · The Breast Journal · doi:10.1111/tbj.12656 · Cited by 3
Monitoring adverse drug reactions in patients on TDF+3TC+EFV in a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India: a prospective observational study
Era, N., Mukherjee, S., Saha, B., & Tripathi, S. K. (2017) · International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20174384 · Cited by 3
“Homologies between the amino acid sequences of retinoic acid-binding protein 1 and the catalytic site of HIV type-1 (HIV-1) proteases have been noted.(17) Moreover, drug-induced nail pigmentation typically involves several nails and is usually reversible.”
Background
Effect of the duration of protease inhibitor therapy in HIV-infected individuals on the severity of obstructive sleep apnea
Abdeen, Y., Al-Halawani, M., Kaako, A., Hao, I. Y., Dazley, J. S., Katpally, R., Klukowicz, A. J., Miller, R., & Slim, J. (2019) · Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/jrms.jrms_892_17 · Cited by 3
Lipodystrophy Associated with HIV/ART and Cardiovascular Risk Factors
da Cunha, C. L. P. (2020) · International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences · doi:10.36660/ijcs.20200302 · Cited by 3
The Impact of Novel Treatments on Aβ Burden in Alzheimer’s Disease: Insights from A Mathematical Model
Craft, D., Wein, L. M., & Selkoe, D. J. (2005) · International series in management science/operations research/International series in operations research & management science · doi:10.1007/1-4020-8066-2_32 · Cited by 3
Dyslipidemia in HIV-Infected Patients
Lee, F. J., & Carr, A. D. (2015) · Contemporary Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-424-1_9 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Management of Dyslipidaemias
Hvizdos, K. M., & Goa, K. L. (2000) · Disease Management & Health Outcomes · doi:10.2165/00115677-200007020-00004 · Cited by 3
Serum Complement Components in HIV-Infected Individuals With and Without Fat Redistribution (Lipodystrophy)
Ionescu, G. O., Kotler, D. P., Engelson, E. S., Agin, D., & Inada, Y. (2000) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/00042560-200012010-00012 · Cited by 3
Tratamiento de la lipodistrofia en pacientes con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana
Paredes, R., Muñóz, J., Díaz, I., & Domingo, P. (2001) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/s0025-7753(01)71872-6 · Cited by 3
Use of Animal Models of Disease in the Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Biopharmaceuticals
Koppele, J. M. T., & Witkamp, R. F. (2010) · Pharmaceutical Sciences Encyclopedia · doi:10.1002/9780470571224.pse172 · Cited by 3
O TREINAMENTO CONCORRENTE COM SÉRIES SIMPLES NOS PARÂMETROS IMUNOLÓGICO, VIROLÓGICO, CARDIORRESPIRATÓRIO E MUSCULAR DE INDIVÍDUOS INFECTADOS PELO VÍRUS DA IMUNODEFICIÊNCIA HUMANA TIPO 1
Lazzarotto, A. R. (2007) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 3
Treatment of AIDS and HIV-Related Conditions-1999
Goldschmidt, R. H., & Dong, B. J. (1999) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/15572625-12-1-71 · Cited by 3
Correspondence
(2000) · Journal of Dermatological Treatment · doi:10.1080/09546630050517397 · Cited by 3
“Therefore, some speci c retinoic-acid receptors, which regulate the activity of vitamin A and its synthetic analogues, may be occupied and activated by indinavir.(6) This could explain why indinavir toxic side effects (skin dryness, pruritus, cheilitis, scalp or body hair ef uvium, paronychia and pyogenic granulomas…”
Background
Lipodystrophy syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents infected with HIV/AIDS receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy Síndrome da lipodistrofia e fatores de risco cardiovasculares em crianças e adolescentes infectados pelo HIV/AIDS em uso de terapia antirretroviral de alta potência
Werner, M. L. F., Pone, S. M., Fonseca, V. M., Rodd, C. J., & Chaves, M. G. D. (2010) · Cited by 2
Impact of cocaine use on protease inhibitor-associated dyslipidemia in HIV-infected adults
Li, J., Lai, H. C., Chen, S., & Lai, S. (2018) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462418757126 · Cited by 2
“PI regimens may bind to CRABP-1 and LRP1 and result in dyslipidemia by decreasing differentiation of peripheral adipocytes, reducing triglyceride storage, increasing lipid release, and inhibiting hepatic uptake of chylomicrons.(36,37) It was also hypothesized that PI may inhibit mitochondrial protease processing, impa…”
HIV-1 Spectrum Disease, Psychological Distress, and Cardiometabolic Risk
Hurwitz, B. E., McIntosh, R. C., & Greeson, J. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-85960-6_59 · Cited by 2
Perioperative Implications of Antiretroviral Therapy: A Focus on Drug Interactions and Systemic Effects
Reusche, R., Press, K. M., Pineda, L. S., Reynoso, E. E., Applegate, R. L., & McCabe, M. D. (2025) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000007613 · Cited by 2
Pathogenesis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Obesity
Kirkness, J. P., & Patil, S. P. (2012) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-053-3_4 · Cited by 2
Arrhythmia in people living with HIV/AIDS
Singh, S., & Singh, K. (2020) · Nigerian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.4103/njc.njc_1_19 · Cited by 2
Significant Decrease in the Serum Haptoglobin Level after the Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1
Yamamoto, M., Nakao, R., Miyamura, T., Shimada, H., & Suematsu, E. (2003) · The Journal of AIDS Research · doi:10.11391/aidsr1999.5.71 · Cited by 2
Pregnane X Receptor in Drug Development
Ong, S. S., Wang, Y., Chai, S. C., & Che, T. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/27753 · Cited by 2
“In addition, previous clinical studies have shown that long-term treatment of patients with PXR agonists led to an elevation in cholesterol levels and was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (Carr et al. 1998; Eiris et al. 1995; Khogali et al. 1974; Lutjohann et al. 2004).”
Background
The Role of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Proteins and Antiretroviral Drug Therapy in HIV-1-Induced Oxidative Stress
Reiche, E. M. V., & Simão, A. N. C. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/21746 · Cited by 1
“Other hypothesis is that PIs lead to dyslipidemia by inhibition of LDLR-related protein (LRP), which has homology to the catalytic site of HIV-1 protease, to which all PIs bind (Carr et al., 1998).”
Photophobia in a Patient with High Indinavir Plasma Concentrations
Huitema, A. D. R., Kuiper, R., Meenhorst, P. L., Mulder, J. W., & Beijnen, J. H. (2003) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/00007691-200312000-00013 · Cited by 2
Type III hyperlipoproteinemia unmasked by HIV anti-retroviral therapy
Samaha, F. F., Ky, B., & Re, V. L. (2005) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.03.024 · Cited by 2
Post-statin approaches to hyperlipidaemia
Duriez, P., & Fruchart, J. (1998) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543784.7.12.1997 · Cited by 2
HIV disease in the year 2000
Stratigos, J. D., Johnson, R. A., & Stratigos, A. J. (2000) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/s0738-081x(99)00132-7 · Cited by 2
Les patients infectés par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine sous traitement antirétroviral ont-ils un risque cardiovasculaire accru ?
Duong, M., Cottin, Y., Froidure, M., Petit, J. M., Piroth, L., Zeller, M., L’Huillier, I., Fargeot, A., Mahrousseh, M., Chavanet, P., et al. (2003) · Annales de Cardiologie et d Angéiologie · doi:10.1016/s0003-3928(02)00190-7 · Cited by 2
An Increase in Serum Creatinine after Initiation of Fenofibrate in an HIV-Infected Individual
Bruno, C. B., Schapiro, J. M., & Saberi, P. (2011) · Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care · doi:10.1177/1545109711404945 · Cited by 2
Perfil Lipídico, Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular e Síndrome Metabólica em um Grupo de Pacientes com AIDS Lipid Profile, Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome in a Group of AIDS Patients
Ferrari, É., SILVA, R. D., Bassichetto, K. C., & Lewi, D. S. (2009) · Cited by 2
Oxidative Stress and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Infection
Reiche, E. M. V., Morimoto, H. K., de Almeida, E. R. D., Oliveira, S., Kallaur, A. P., & Simão, A. C. (2014) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b16653-7 · Cited by 2
Antiviral drugs
Vernazza, P., & Schmid, P. (2005) · Side effects of drugs annual · doi:10.1016/s0378-6080(05)80451-9 · Cited by 2
Management of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Alterations in HIV positive patients
Altizani, G. M., de Oliveira, L. D., dos Santos Tortajada, J., Monteleone, V. F., Mangili, O. C., & Bonafé, S. M. (2016) · International Journal of HIV/AIDS and Research · doi:10.19070/2379-1586-1600022 · Cited by 2
“Based on this theory, IPs inhibit important stages of human metabolism since they inhibit the action of CRABP-1 and bind to LRP, what diminishes Apo B-100 rich lipoprotein capture, resulting in hyperlipidemia [49, 50].”
Background
HIV pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: From bench to bedside
Limou, S., Winkler, C. A., & Wester, C. W. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801496-7.00013-7 · Cited by 2
AIDS and HPA Axis
Nicolaides, N. C., Kino, T., & Chrousos, G. P. (2000) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 2
Fats in the new millennium: more complexity but a better understanding?
Calder, P. C., & Deckelbaum, R. J. (2001) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/00075197-200103000-00001 · Cited by 2
Oral Lipomatosis in Antiretroviral Therapy–Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome
Shetty, K. V. (2007) · Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.joms.2006.05.046 · Cited by 2
Prevalence of HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy in Brazil: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Justina, L. B. D. (2014) · Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research · doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000347 · Cited by 2
Lipid- und Lipoproteinstoffwechsel
Stein, J. H., & Böhles, H. J. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55896-2_10 · Cited by 2
Efectos adversos del tratamiento antirretroviral
de León, F. L. (2013) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 2
Regulação autonômica da frequência cardíaca em pacientes infectados pelo HIV
Borges, J. P., & Farinatti, P. (2011) · Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia do Exercício · doi:10.33233/rbfe.v10i4.3454 · Cited by 2
Metabolic factors and post-traumatic arthritis may influence the increased rate of surgical site infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus following total hip arthroplasty
Lin, C. A., Behrens, P. H., Paiement, G. D., Hardy, W. D., Mirocha, J., Rettig, R. L., Kiziah, H. L., Rudikoff, A. G., & Conte, A. H. (2020) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · doi:10.1186/s13018-020-01827-y · Cited by 2
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
Bárbaro, G. (2003) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000073178 · Cited by 2
HIV-Infektion und Kaposi-Sarkom
Orfanos, C. E., & Garbe, C. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-56219-8_44 · Cited by 2
AIDS: Disease Manifestation
Rapose, A., East, J. W., Sova, M., & O’Brien, W. A. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00663-4 · Cited by 2
Practical approaches to HIV therapy
Wolfe, P. R. (2000) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2000.04.985 · Cited by 2
Viral protein R of HIV-1
Bukrinsky, M., & Adzhubei, A. A. (1999) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1654(199901/03)9:1 · Cited by 89
Síndrome de lipodistrofia asociado a la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (I). Características generales y etiopatogenia
Quintana, F. B., Benayas, T. G., & Vázquez, V. S. (2002) · Revista Clínica Española · doi:10.1016/s0014-2565(02)70976-4 · Cited by 2
MOLECULAR GENETIC ANALYSIS OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY RESPONSE IN SOUTH AFRICA - A PHARMACOGENETICS STUDY
Parathyras, J. B. (2007) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 2
Initial antiretroviral therapy in chronically-infected HIV-positive adults
Temesgen, Z., Cainelli, F., Warnke, D., & Koirala, J. (2004) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.5.3.595 · Cited by 2
“Disorders of glucose metabolism are associated mainly with the use of PIs [82-89].”
Background
The clinical challenges of lifetime HAART
Paredes, R., Sherer, R. D., & Clotet, B. (2008) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199225859.003.0026 · Cited by 2
Dual Nucleoside Regimens in Nonadvanced HIV Infection: Prospective Follow-Up of 130 Patients, Aquitaine Cohort, 1996 to 1998
Morlat, P., Marimoutou, C., Dequae-Merchadou, L., Pellegrin, I., Mercié, P., Neau, D., Beylot, J., & Dabis, F. (2000) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/00126334-200003010-00007 · Cited by 2
Strategies for Second-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in Adults with HIV Infection
Collier, A. C., & Schwartz, M. A. (1999) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4743-3_23 · Cited by 2
HIV Infection-Related Cachexia and Lipodystrophy
Scevola, D., Matteo, A. M. D., Giglio, O., & Uberti, F. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-0552-5_40 · Cited by 2
Assessment of metformin therapy effect on selected parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism and the course of lipodystrophy in HIV-1 infected patients receiving protease inhibitors – pilot study
Gąsiorowski, J., Knysz, B., Piszko, P., Szetela, B., Zalewska, M., & Gładysz, A. (2007) · HIV & AIDS Review · doi:10.1016/s1730-1270(10)60048-3 · Cited by 1
HIV Infection and Diabetes
Yalamanchi, S., Brown, T. T., & Dobs, A. S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20797-1_38-1 · Cited by 1
Interaction between antiretroviral therapy regimens and body mass index on triglyceride levels in people living with HIV: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study
Xu, Y., Qi, B., Wu, X., Chen, L., Chen, P., Wang, D., Li, X., Xie, C., Wu, J., Zhong, C., et al. (2024) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-024-02224-8 · Cited by 1
“This effect is likely due to PIs inhibiting the activity of lipid-metabolizing enzymes in the liver, resulting in a decreased rate of lipid clearance [11].”
Background
A Case of Bone Marrow Transplant-Associated Partial Lipodystrophy
Khan, Z., Ali, K., Khan, A., & Teelucksingh, S. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.71641 · Cited by 1
“Acquired lipodystrophic syndromes have generalized, partial, or localized patterns of fat aberrancy secondary to another condition, albeit autoimmune, infectious [4], or with drug use [5].”
Cassia mimosoides L. decoction improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating the pregnane X receptor
Zhao, J., Zhong, Y., Huang, Q., Pan, Z., Zheng, Y., Miao, D., Liu, S., Chen, P., Liu, C., Liu, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2024.119199 · Cited by 1
Efficacy and safety of switching from lopinavir/ritonavir-based regimens to bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide in people living with HIV: A multicenter retrospective study
Fu, J., Guo, Y., Zheng, G., Yang, Z., Shi, J., Yan, D., Yu, J., Sun, L., & Zhao, H. (2025) · Virologica Sinica · doi:10.1016/j.virs.2025.10.003 · Cited by 1
“Interestingly, though both switching from TDF to TAF and the use of LPV/r would increase the level of lipids (Carr et al., 1998; Surial et al., 2021), the level of lipids decreased after switching from LPV/r + 3 TC + TDF.”
HIV Lipodystrophy Treatment (Buffalo Hump) with VASER Ultrasound-Assisted Lipoplasty
Giuseppe, A. D., Wolters, M., Lampe, H. F., & Zanetti, G. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-28043-x_88 · Cited by 1
Novel Liposuction Techniques for the Treatment of HIV-Associated Dorsocervical Fat Pad and Parotid Hypertrophy
Abrams, H. L., & Karen, L. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/22091 · Cited by 1
“(Carr et al. 1998; Domingo et al. 1999; Safrin and Grunfeld 1999; Murata et al. 2000; Petit et al. 2000) Another less recognized feature of lipodystrophy is bilateral parotid hypertrophy.”
Micronutrient Synergy in the Control of HIV Infection and AIDS
Jariwalla, R. J., Niedzwiecki, A., & Rath, M. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/21753 · Cited by 1
“…associated with adverse side effects to various organs of the body, including the bone marrow and liver, (Fischl et al., 1987, Richman et al., 1987, Costello et al., 1988, Abrescia et al., 2008), cellular mitochondria (Carr et al., 2001), and with lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia (Carr et al., 1998).”
Background
¿Ha supuesto la introducción del tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad algún cambio en los procesos cutáneos habitualmente asociados a la infección por el VIH?
Blanes, M., & Belinchón, I. (2012) · Piel · doi:10.1016/j.piel.2012.01.007 · Cited by 1
Mechanisms of HIV-Related Dyslipidemia
Womack, J. A., & Tien, P. C. (2009) · HIV Therapy · doi:10.2217/hiv.09.9 · Cited by 1
Potential of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone in HIV-Associated Adipose Redistribution Syndrome
de Torres, R. A., & Cadman, J. A. (2000) · BioDrugs · doi:10.2165/00063030-200014020-00002 · Cited by 1
“The resulting hyperlipidaemia would lead to fat redistribution to the abdomen (and to the breasts under the influence of estrogen) and to insulin resistance, with secondary diabetes mellitus occurring in susceptible individuals.[7]”
Background
Factors associated with the development of HIV associated lipodystrophy in patients on long-term HAART
McLigeyo, A., Lule, G. N., Otieno, F. C. F., Kayima, J. K., & Omonge, E. (2012) · Journal of AIDS and HIV Research · doi:10.5897/jahr12.017 · Cited by 1
Acute Acneiform Eruption Secondary to Cetuximab With Good Response to Metronidazole
Jiménez-Puya, R. J., Gómez-García, F. J., Rodríguez-Bujaldón, A., & Moreno‐Giménez, J. C. (2007) · Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas · doi:10.1016/s1578-2190(07)70535-8 · Cited by 1
Estado nutricional, clínico e padrão alimentar de pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids em assistência ambulatorial no município de São Paulo Nutritional and clinical status, and dietary patterns of people living with HIV/AIDS in ambulatory care in Sao Paulo, Brazil
Ferrari, É., Filippelli-Silva, R., & Lewi, S. (2010) · Cited by 1
Alterações Metabólicas, Terapia Antirretroviral e doença Cardiovascular em idosos Portadores de HiV Metabolic Abnormalities, Antiretroviral Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease in Elderly Patients with HIV
Krämer, A., Lazzarotto, A. R., Sprinz, E., & Manfrói, W. C. (2009) · Cited by 1
HALS: HIV-assoziiertes Lipodystrophiesyndrom
Hilton, S., Mauss, S., Ruzicka, T., & Bruch‐Gerharz, D. (2005) · Der Hautarzt · doi:10.1007/s00105-005-0925-6 · Cited by 1
Cardiovascular Manifestations of HIV Infection: A Review.
Kumar, D., & Deokate, V. (2018) · Archives of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.4066/2591-7951.1000051 · Cited by 1
“The LPL-LRP complex cleaves triglycerides circulating in free fatty acids and glycerol for fat storage, mainly in the central region of the body, which characterizes the lipodystrophic syndrome [4].”
Influential
Metabolic complications of antiretroviral therapy in children
Worrell, C. J. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544781.015 · Cited by 1
HIV and Dyslipidemia
Malvestutto, C., & Aberg, J. A. (2020) · Contemporary cardiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-56514-5_23 · Cited by 1
Metabolic syndrome and combined highly active antiretroviral therapy
Dragović, G., Malovic, D., & Jevtović, Đ. (2014) · Medicinska istrazivanja · doi:10.5937/medist1401024d · Cited by 1
“Vezivanjem PI za CRABP-1 dolazi do inhibicije ovog proteina što onemogućava normalno funkcionisanje cele kaskade reakcija, što kao krajnji rezultat ima smanjenje broja adipocita, koje se morfološki manifestuje lipoatrofijom (36).”
Background
Lipodistrofias
Jimenez, F. F., Torre‐Cisneros, J., & Jiménez, F. P. (2002) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/s0025-7753(02)73425-8 · Cited by 1
HIV Lipodystrophy Treatment (Buffalo Hump) with VASER Ultrasound-Assisted Lipoplasty
Giuseppe, A. D., Wolters, M., Lampe, H. F., & Zanetti, G. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-48903-1_61 · Cited by 1
Genetic, virological, infectious, and pharmacological risk factors for CD4+ T-cell regeneration failure in HIV-infected subjects receiving ART
Сайдакова, Е. В. (2023) · HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders · doi:10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-3-38-49 · Cited by 1
Incidence of Hyperlipidemia among Adults Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS), USA, 2007–2021
Li, J., Agbobli-Nuwoaty, S., Palella, F. J., Novak, R. M., Tedaldi, E., Mayer, C. L., Mahnken, J. D., Hou, Q., Carlson, K., Thompson‐Paul, A. M., et al. (2023) · AIDS Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2023/4423132 · Cited by 1
“…hepatic steatosis caused by ritonavir [22]; protection of apolipoprotein B, an LDL component, from degradation by the proteasome [23]; and interactions with cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1 or lipoprotein receptor-related protein by PIs, leading to alterations in the lipid profle [15, 24].”
Background

Authors: Carr, A., Samaras, K., Chisholm, D. J., & Cooper, D. A.
Affiliations: UNSW Sydney (AU)
Garvan Institute of Medical Research (AU)
Corresponding author: Carr, Andrew
ORCID: Samaras, Katherine
Chisholm, Donald J
Venue: The Lancet
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1998-06
Volume: 351
Issue: 9119
Pages: 1881-1883
ISSN: 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
0140-6736
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)03391-1
OpenAlex: W2171030070
Cited by: 1,065
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 143.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Health and Medical Research Council
National Medical Research Council
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV-related health complications and treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
Keywords: HIV-1 protease inhibitors, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, breast hypertrophy, LRP, retinoic acid synthesis, retinoid X receptor, PPARγ, adipogenesis, adipocyte apoptosis, lipoprotein lipase, type 2 diabetes
MeSH terms: Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Hyperlipidemias, Insulin Resistance, Lipodystrophy, Obesity, Receptors, Immunologic, HIV Protease Inhibitors, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Receptors, Retinoic Acid, Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Pathogenesis of HIV-1-protease inhibitor-associated peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and insulin resistance.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks