The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Design and other types of fixation
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“While prior work has extensively documented what usability issues experts identify [35, 52], far less is known about how experts reason through these issues across stages of perception, interpretation, and projection [43, 76].”
From Criticmate: Stagewise Human–AI Co-Critique in Single-Screen UI Evaluation (2026) · cites this paper as [76]
In the citing paper
“Prior research shows that when these stages are disrupted, people tend to fi xate and explore less effectively; conversely, scaffolding the cycle from perception through comprehension to projection can broaden search and improve outcomes [43, 46, 76].”
From Criticmate: Stagewise Human–AI Co-Critique in Single-Screen UI Evaluation (2026) · cites this paper as [76]
In the citing paper
“Creative design processes are subject to measurable fixation effects [21, 42, 71], through which the final proposed solutions to a design problem are inappropriately constrained by features of earlier solution candidates [2]”
From Homogenization Effects of Large Language Models on Human Creative Ideation (2024) · cites this paper as [71]
Citations
Cites
Jansson, D. G., & Smith, S. M. (1991) · Design Studies · doi:10.1016/0142-694x(91)90003-f · Cited by 1,087
Reasoning in humans. II. The solution of a problem and its appearance in consciousness
Maier, N. R. F. (1931) · Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0071361 · Cited by 621
Artificial Intelligence in Design ’92
(1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2787-5 · Cited by 136
Effects of examples on the results of a design activity
Purcell, A. T., & Gero, J. S. (1992) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/0950-7051(92)90026-c · Cited by 113
Self-citationFixation effects: do they exist in design problem solving?
Purcell, A. T., Williams, P., Gero, J. S., & Colbron, B. (1993) · Environment and Planning B Planning and Design · doi:10.1068/b200333 · Cited by 72
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
What Is Design Thinking and Why Is It Important?
Razzouk, R., & Shute, V. J. (2012) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654312457429 · Cited by 1,752
“Experts are believed to be able to store and access information in larger cognitive chunks than novices can and to recognize underlying principles rather than focusing on the surface features of problems (Dorner, 1999; Nigel, 2004; Purcell & Gero, 1996; Suwa et al., 2000).”
BackgroundCrowdsourcing New Product Ideas over Time: An Analysis of the Dell IdeaStorm Community
Bayus, B. L. (2012) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.1120.1599 · Cited by 951
“Purcell and Gero (1992, 1996) extend the Jansson and Smith (1991) experiments by showing that fix-ation effects only occur with example designs that include principles that are already familiar.”
BackgroundEngineering Design Processes: A Comparison of Students and Expert Practitioners
Atman, C. J., Adams, R. S., Cardella, M., Turns, J., Mosborg, S., & Saleem, J. J. (2007) · Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/j.2168-9830.2007.tb00945.x · Cited by 893
“, see [31, 45]).”
The Informed Design Teaching and Learning Matrix
Crismond, D., & Adams, R. S. (2012) · Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/j.2168-9830.2012.tb01127.x · Cited by 707
“This could result in fixation by novice and expert designers alike ( Jansson & Smith, 1991; Linsey & Viswanathan, 2010), although this trend was found to be less prevalent in one study involving senior undergraduate industrial designers (Purcell & Gero, 1996).”
BackgroundCross, N. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008043868-9/50005-x · Cited by 416
Metadata
- Authors
- Purcell, A. T., & Gero, J. S.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- ORCID
- Gero, John S.
- Venue
- Design Studies
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-10
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 363-383
- ISSN
- 0142-694X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1976933533
- Cited by
- 552
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 4.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Design Studies (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Design Education and Practice
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Creativity in Education and Neuroscience
- Social Sciences › Education › Engineering Education and Pedagogy
- Keywords
- design fixation, functional fixedness, design problem solving, design process, design education, human problem solving
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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