The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Generalized gradient vector flow external forces for active contours
Open accessAbstract
Active contours, or snakes, are used extensively in computer vision and image processing applications, particularly to locate object boundaries. A new type of external force for active contours, called gradient vector flow (GVF) was introduced recently to address problems associated with initialization and poor convergence to boundary concavities. GVF is computed as a diffusion of the gradient vectors of a gray-level or binary edge map derived from the image. In this paper, we generalize the GVF formulation to include two spatially varying weighting functions. This improves active contour convergence to long, thin boundary indentations, while maintaining other desirable properties of GVF, such as an extended capture range. The original GVF is a special case of this new generalized GVF (GGVF) model. An error analysis for active contour results on simulated test images is also presented. Aktive Umrisse, oder Schlangen, werden vielfach in Computervision- und Bildverarbeitungs-Anwendungen benutzt, um insbesondere Objektgrenzen zu lokalisieren. Ein neuer Typ äußerer Kräfte für aktive Umrisse, Gradient Vector Flow (GVF) genannt, wurde kürzlich eingeführt, um Probleme anzusprechen, die mit Initialisierung und schlechter Konvergenz zu Grenzkonkavitäten zusammenhängen. GVF wird als eine Diffusion des Gradientenvektors einer Graustufen- oder `Binary Edge'-Karte berechnet, die aus dem Bild gewonnen werden. In diesem Artikel verallgemeinern wir die GVF Formulierung, so daß zwei räumlich variierende Gewichtsfunktionen engneschlossen werden. Dies verbessert die Konvergenz aktiver Umrisse zu langen, dünnen Grenzmarkierungen, während andere wünschenswerte Eigenschaften des GVF, wie erweiterter Einfangbereich, erhalten bleiben. Das ursprüngliche GVF ist ein Spezialfall dieses neuen verallgemeinerten GVF (GGVF) Modells. Eins Fehleranalyse von Ergebnissen aktiver Umrisse mit simulierten Testbildern wird ebenfalls präsentiert. Les contours actifs, ou serpents (snakes), sont utilisés intensivement en vision par ordinateur et pour les applications de traitement d'images, particulièrement pour localiser les contours d'objects. Un nouveau type de force externe pour les contours actifs, appelè flux de vecteurs gradients (FVG) a été introduit récemment pour traiter les problémes associés à l'initialisation et la faible convergence vers des concavités dans les contours. Le FVG est calculé comme une diffusion des vecteurs gradients d'une carte des contours d'une image en niveaux de gris ou binaire. Dans cet article, nous généralisons la formulation du FVG pour y inclure deux fonctions de poids à variation spatiale. Ceci améliore la convergence des contours actifs vers les indentations de contours fines et longues, tout en maintenant les autres propriétés intéressantes des FVG comme la plage de capture étendue. Les FVG originaux sont un cas particulier des modèles de FVG généralisés. Une analyse de l'erreur des résultats de contours actifs sur des images de test synthétiques est aussi présentée.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Kass, M., Witkin, A., & Terzopoulos, D. (1988) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/bf00133570 · Cited by 17,070
Fundamentals of digital image processing
Jain, A. K. (1988) · Cited by 7,111
Fundamentals of digital image processing
(1989) · Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing · doi:10.1016/0734-189x(89)90041-8 · Cited by 4,677
Snakes, shapes, and gradient vector flow
Xu, C., & Prince, J. L. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/83.661186 · Cited by 4,001
Self-citationOn active contour models and balloons
Cohen, L. D. (1991) · CVGIP: Image Understanding · doi:10.1016/1049-9660(91)90028-n · Cited by 2,153
Finite-element methods for active contour models and balloons for 2-D and 3-D images
Cohen, L. D., & Cohen, I. (1993) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/34.244675 · Cited by 1,378
Gradient vector flow: a new external force for snakes
Xu, C., & Prince, J. L. (2002) · Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr.1997.609299 · Cited by 751
Self-citationTracking deformable objects in the plane using an active contour model
Leymarie, F., & Levine, M. D. (1993) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/34.216733 · Cited by 554
Terzopoulos, D., & Fleischer, K. (1988) · The Visual Computer · doi:10.1007/bf01908877 · Cited by 475
A discrete dynamic contour model
Lobregt, S., & Viergever, M. A. (1995) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/42.370398 · Cited by 426
Cited by
Blood vessel segmentation algorithms — Review of methods, datasets and evaluation metrics
Moccia, S., De Momi, E., El Hadji, S., & Mattos, L. S. (2018) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2018.02.001 · Cited by 567
Active contours driven by local Gaussian distribution fitting energy
Wang, L., He, L., Mishra, A., & Li, C. (2009) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2009.03.014 · Cited by 466
Automatic breast ultrasound image segmentation: a survey
Xian, M., Zhang, Y., Cheng, H. D., Xu, F., Zhang, B., & Ding, J. (2018) · Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2018.02.012 · Cited by 284
“Gao et al. [73] proposed a level set approach for BUS image segmentation based on the method in [47] by redefining the edge-based stop function using phase congruency [74] which is invariant to intensity magnitude, and integrated GVF model into the level set framework.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential(2013) · Liverpool John Moores University · Cited by 133
Metadata
- Authors
- Xu, C., & Prince, J. L.
- Venue
- Signal Processing
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-12
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 131-139
- ISSN
- 0165-1684 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2104479126
- Cited by
- 698
- References
- 17
- FWCI
- 3.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Generalized gradient vector flow external forces for active contours. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/s0165-1684(98)00140-6
- The paper
- Xu, C., & Prince, J. L. (1998). Generalized gradient vector flow external forces for active contours. Signal Processing. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1684(98)00140-6
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.