Normative data and factor structure of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) in the French version
Abstract
We explored the psychometric features of the French Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) in a 602-subject community sample (263 men and 339 women), representative of the French population. The factor structures of the temperament and character dimensions, explored separately, were in agreement with the hypothesized constructs, except for the scales Novelty Seeking NS1 (exploratory excitability), Persistence, and Self-Directedness SD4 (self-acceptance). The internal consistency of the main dimensions was good (Cronbach alpha coefficients between 0.68 and 0.82), but weak for Persistence (0.49). The mean scores of the temperament dimensions were notably different from those published in other normative data - especially lower for Novelty Seeking (16.4+/-5.6) and higher for Harm Avoidance (16.1+/-7.2) when compared with US data - suggesting cross-cultural differences in personality assessment, and the necessity to use specific normative values with each translated instrument.
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According to the Temperament and Character Inventory, the self-transcendence dimension is higher in the USA than in France.
“According to the Temperament and Character Inventory,27 the ‘self-transcendence’ dimension, which reflects levels of spirituality, is higher in the USA than in France.28”
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References 33 · Cited by 152
- Authors
- Pélissolo, A., & Lépine, J.-P.
- Affiliations
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Pélissolo, Antoine
- ORCID
- Pélissolo, Antoine
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-04
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 67-76
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1997471784
- Cited by
- 152
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 7.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- Temperament and Character Inventory, French adaptation, reference values, factor structure, temperament, character, novelty seeking, harm avoidance, persistence, self-direction, self-acceptance, cross-cultural comparison, personality assessment, internal consistency
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Character, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Culture, Exploratory Behavior, Female, France, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sweden, Temperament, United States, Reproducibility of Results
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