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High prevalence of right ventricular involvementin endurance athletes with ventricular arrhythmias Role of an electrophysiologic study in risk stratification
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Electrocardiographic abnormalities and premature ventricular contractions are common in athletes and are generally benign. However, the specific outcome of high-level endurance athletes with frequent and complex ventricular arrhythmias is unclear. Also, information on the predictive accuracy of different investigations in this subgroup is unknown. RESULTS: We report on 46 high-level endurance athletes with ventricular arrhythmias (45 male; median age 31 years) followed-up for a median of 4.7 years. Eighty percent were cyclists. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or coronary abnormalities were present in < or =5%. Eighty percent of the arrhythmias had a left bundle branch morphology. Right ventricular (RV) arrhythmogenic involvement (based on a combination of multiple criteria) was manifest in 59% of the athletes, and suggestive in another 30%. Eighteen athletes developed a major arrhythmic event (sudden death in nine, all cyclists). They were significantly younger than those without event (median 23 years vs 38 years; P=0.01). Outcome could not be predicted by presenting symptoms, non-invasive arrhythmia evaluation or morphological findings at baseline. Only the induction of sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) during invasive electrophysiological testing was significantly related to outcome (RR 3.4; P=0.02). Focal arrhythmias were associated with a better prognosis than those due to reentry (P=0.02) but the mechanism could be determined in only 22 (48%). CONCLUSIONS: Complex ventricular arrhythmias do not necessarily represent a benign finding in endurance athletes. An electrophysiological study is indicated for risk evaluation, both by defining inducibility and identifying the arrhythmogenic mechanism. Endurance athletes with arrhythmias have a high prevalence of right ventricular structural and/or arrhythmic involvement. Endurance sports seems to be related to the development and/or progression of the underlying arrhythmogenic substrate.
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“For patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, some early data suggests that exercise may exacerbate the underlying structural abnormalities.107,107a”
From Managing with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (2013) · cites this paper as [107]
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“Studies focussing on the LV of athletes have failed to provide these mechanistic insights, 4 but recent data have suggested that exercise-induced proarrhythmic substrates may develop in the RV while sparing the LV.12,13,15”
From Exercise-induced right ventricular dysfunction and structural remodelling in endurance athletes (2012) · cites this paper as [13]
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“Exercise increases potassium, 98 decreases pH, 99 increases catecholamines, 100 and can induce ischemia, any of which could potentially increase the defibrillation threshold.95,[101][102][103]”
From Managing with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (2013) · cites this paper as [100]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Heidbüchel, H.
- Affiliations
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Heidbüchel, H
- ORCID
- Heidbüchel, H
- Venue
- European Heart Journal
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-08
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 1473-1480
- ISSN
- 0195-668X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2113881585
- Cited by
- 395
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 3.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Heart Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Vlaamse regering
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Arrhythmias and Treatments
- Keywords
- endurance athletes, right ventricular involvement, ventricular arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death, risk stratification, electrophysiological study, sustained ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, arrhythmogenic substrate, premature ventricular contractions, cyclists, arrhythmia mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Bicycling, Electrophysiology, Exercise Test, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Sports, Electrocardiography, Ambulatory, Survival Analysis, Tachycardia, Ventricular, Ventricular Dysfunction, Right, Risk Assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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