The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Diagnostic Criteria for Neuropathologic Assessment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Abstract
Prior to any evaluation of morphologic brain changes, a decision must be made whether a given alteration is associated with aging or with disease. Patients with disease-related lesions may be in a clinically silent phase of a disease or show overt symptoms. Neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads are the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. They should not be considered to be age-related changes, even when they are present only in small numbers. In general, the initial changes consist of neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads. Plaques (amyloid deposits and/or neuritic plaques) are consistently present in the end stage of the disease. Initial neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads develop at specific cortical predilection sites. The changes then spread in a predictable, nonrandom manner across other portions of the telencephalic cortex. The sequential changes in the distribution pattern of the lesions provide the basis for a staging procedure that takes the slow and gradual progression of the destructive process into consideration. The staging procedure provides accurate diagnoses in the initial stages and even reveals brain changes developing prior to the appearance of clinical symptoms. It is thus advantageous in characterizing nondemented controls. The staging procedure can be carried out easily and does not require knowledge of clinical data, quantitative assessments, or adjustments for the age of the patients. Application of advanced silver techniques (Gallyas, Campbell-Switzer) to demonstrate Alzheimer's disease-related lesions also allows recognition of the hallmarks of other disorders, such as Lewy body disease (Parkinson's disease) and dementia with argyrophilic grains, which frequently co-occur with Alzheimer's disease.
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“Initial neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads develop in the entorhinal cortex, then the hippocampus, and gradually affect additional brain regions as the disease progress, eventually affecting the neocortex [57].”
From Tau and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: interplay mechanisms and clinical translation (2023) · cites this paper as [57]
In the citing paper
“Postmortem studies have shown that the spread of tau pathology in AD follows a predictable pattern, allowing neuropathological diagnosis of different AD stages defined by Braak staging (I–VI).”
From Tau and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: interplay mechanisms and clinical translation (2023) · cites this paper as [57]
Citations
Cites
Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes.
Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1991) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00308809 · Cited by 16,123
Self-citationMirra, S. S., Heyman, A., McKeel, D., Sumi, S. M., Crain, B. J., Brownlee, L. M., Vogel, F. S., Hughes, J. P., Belle, G. V., Berg, L., et al. (1991) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.41.4.479 · Cited by 4,961
Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD)
Fillenbaum, G., & Heyman, A. (2002) · doi:10.1002/0470846410.ch42(iii · Cited by 2,859
Neurofibrillary tangles but not senile plaques parallel duration and severity of Alzheimer's disease
Arriagada, P. V., Growdon, J. H., Hedley-Whyte, E. T., & Hyman, B. T. (1992) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.42.3.631 · Cited by 2,668
Alzheimer's disease: cell-specific pathology isolates the hippocampal formation.
Hyman, B. T., Van Hoesen, G. W., Damasio, A. R., & Barnes, C. L. (1984) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6474172 · Cited by 2,268
Arnold, S. E., Hyman, B. T., Flory, J., Damasio, A. R., & Van Hoesen, G. W. (1991) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/1.1.103 · Cited by 1,380
Braak, F., Braak, H., & Mandelkow, E. (1994) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00293315 · Cited by 769
Self-citationAlzheimer's Disease: A Central Role for Amyloid
Selkoe, D. J. (1994) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199409000-00003 · Cited by 752
Tau protein and the neurofibrillary pathology of Alzheimer's disease
Goedert, M. (1993) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(93)90078-z · Cited by 721
The Prevalence of Dementia in Europe: A Collaborative Study of 1980–1990 Findings
Albert Hofman, D., Rocca, W. A., Brayne, C., Breteler, M. M. B., Clarke, M., Cooper, B. K., Copeland, J. R. M., Dartigues, J. F., Droux, A. D. S., Hagnell, O., et al. (1991) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/20.3.736 · Cited by 667
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Duyckaerts, 1994, Diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer’s disease in a prospective study involving aged individuals, Neurobiol. Aging, 15, 140
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Gauthier, S. G., Reisberg, ., Zaudig, M., Petersen, R. C., Ritchie, K. A., Broich, K., Belleville, S., Brodaty, H., Bennett, D. A., Chertkow, H. M., et al. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68542-5 · Cited by 4,094
Braak, H., Alafuzoff, I., Arzberger, T., Kretzschmar, H., & Del Tredici, K. (2006) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-006-0127-z · Cited by 3,172
Self-citationSteen, E., Terry, B. M., J. Rivera, E., Cannon, J. L., Neely, T. R., Tavares, R., Xu, X. J., Wands, J. R., & de la Monte, S. M. (2005) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2005-7107 · Cited by 1,703
Alzheimer’s disease is type 3 diabetes—Evidence reviewed
de la Monte, S. M., & Wands, J. R. (2008) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229680800200619 · Cited by 1,158
Metadata
- Authors
- Braak, H., & Braak, E.
- Affiliations
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Braak, H
- ORCID
- Braak, H
- Venue
- Neurobiology of Aging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-07
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- S85-S88
- ISSN
- 0197-4580 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2015001118
- Cited by
- 410
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 1.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurobiology of Aging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, neuropathologic diagnosis, neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads, amyloid plaques, silver staining, Lewy body disease, brain aging
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Brain, Humans, Severity of Illness Index, Neurofibrillary Tangles, Disease Progression, Neuropil Threads, Plaque, Amyloid
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