The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 90 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Neuropsychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review and treatment implications
Abstract
The existing literature examining neuropsychological features of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is reviewed. The accumulated research points to a deficit in organizational strategies in general, suggesting problems in executive functioning. The available research is inconsistent in identifying memory deficits in OCD. However, memory problems are most evident when tests are used that require an implicit organizational strategy. While the majority of the research reviewed involves adult samples, there is emerging evidence that these deficits are present in children as well. It is suggested here that the interaction between organizational strategy deficits and the effort to recall unstructured information contributes to doubting, an important feature of OCD. Implications of this body of research for behavior therapy are considered.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“OCD patients often also exhibit difficulties with various aspects of executive functioning, including with working memory, attention, response inhibition, decision making, cognitive-behavioral control, and balancing goal-directed behavior and more automatic habit learning, in favor of the latter”
From Externally orienting cues improve cognitive control in OCD (2024) · cites this paper as Greisberg & McKay, 2003
Citations
Cites
Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions
Stroop, J. R. (1935) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0054651 · Cited by 18,622
The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: I. Development, Use, and Reliability
Goodman, W. K. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007 · Cited by 7,712
Specific impairments of planning
Shallice, T. (1982) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1982.0082 · Cited by 3,741
Neuropsychological assessment.
Cipolotti, L., & Warrington, E. K. (1995) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.58.6.655 · Cited by 3,267
A Standardized Memory Scale for Clinical Use
Wechsler, D. (1945) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1945.9917223 · Cited by 2,949
(1995) · Cited by 2,809
The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale: measures of internal consistency.
Kim, S.-W., Dysken, M., Pheley, A., & Hoover, K. M. (1994) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(94)90039-6 · Cited by 2,333
Obsessional-compulsive problems: A cognitive-behavioural analysis
Salkovskis, P. M. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90105-6 · Cited by 1,842
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual
Heaton, R. K. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,604
Swedo, S. E., Leonard, H. L., Garvey, M., Mittleman, B., Allen, A. J., Perlmutter, S., Dow, S., Zamkoff, J., Dubbert, B. K., & Lougee, L. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.2.264 · Cited by 1,534
Deficits on subject-ordered tasks after frontal- and temporal-lobe lesions in man
Petrides, M., & Milner, B. A. (1982) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(82)90100-2 · Cited by 1,317
Baxter, L. R. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820090009002 · Cited by 1,293
Robbins, T. W., James, M., Owen, A. M., Sahakian, B. J., McInnes, L., & Rabbitt, P. (1994) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000106735 · Cited by 1,078
26. Obsessions and Compulsions
Ross, C. (1994) · University of Toronto Press eBooks · doi:10.3138/9781442681972-027 · Cited by 1,001
Cognitive assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder
(1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00017-x · Cited by 963
Functional neuroimaging and the neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Saxena, S., & Rauch, S. L. (2000) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70181-7 · Cited by 840
Owen, A. M., Evans, A. C., & Petrides, M. (1996) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/6.1.31 · Cited by 756
Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_180120 · Cited by 755
Understanding and treating obsessive–compulsive disorder
Salkovskis, P. M. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00049-2 · Cited by 732
Downes, J. J., Roberts, A. C., Sahakian, B. J., Evenden, J. L., Morris, R. G., & Robbins, T. W. (1989) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(89)90128-0 · Cited by 527
(2002) · Cited by 522
Current controversies in the anxiety disorders
Taylor, S. J. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)80355-x · Cited by 497
Abramowitz, J. S. (1997) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.65.1.44 · Cited by 490
Organizational strategies mediate nonverbal memory impairment in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Savage, C. R., Baer, L., Keuthen, N. J., Brown, H. D., Rauch, S. L., & Jenike, M. A. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00278-9 · Cited by 423
Psychological Appraisal of Children with Cerebral Defects
TAYLOR, E. M. (1959) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674367494 · Cited by 420
Steketee, G. S. (1980) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(80)90087-7 · Cited by 416
Obsessions, overvalued ideas, and delusions in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Kozak, M. J., & Foa, E. B. (1994) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)90132-5 · Cited by 369
The Human Frontal Lobes: Functions and Disorders
Miller, B. L., & Cummings, J. L. (2013) · Cited by 351
Current controversies in the anxiety disorders
Rapee, R. M. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · Cited by 349
OCD in children and adolescents a cognitive-behavioral treatment manual
March, J. S., & Mulle, K. (1998) · Cited by 347
The Wechsler Memory Scale, Third Edition
Tulsky, D. S., Chiaravalloti, N. D., Palmer, B. W., & Chelune, G. J. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012703570-3/50007-9 · Cited by 343
Purcell, R., Maruff, P., Kyrios, M., & Pantelis, C. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.5.415 · Cited by 330
Reduced Caudate Nucleus Volume in Obsessive-compulsive Disorder
Robinson, D. G. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950170067009 · Cited by 320
Obsessive-compulsive disorder: theory, research, and treatment
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-2444 · Cited by 313
Giedd, J. N., Rapoport, J. L., Garvey, M. A., Perlmutter, S., & Swedo, S. E. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.2.281 · Cited by 310
Epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder.
Rasmussen, S. A., & Eisen, J. A. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 282
Perceived responsibility and compulsive checking: An experimental analysis
Lopatka, C., & Rachman, S. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00089-3 · Cited by 281
Béhar, D., Rapoport, J. L., Berg, C. J., DENCKLA, M. B., Mann, L. S., Cox, C., Fedio, P., Zahn, T. P., & Wolfman, M. G. (1984) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.141.3.363 · Cited by 276
Strategic processing and episodic memory impairment in obsessive compulsive disorder.
Savage, C. R., Deckersbach, T., Wilhelm, S., Rauch, S. L., Baer, L., Reid, T., & Jenike, M. A. (2000) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.14.1.141 · Cited by 269
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Theory, Research, and Treatment
Pallanti, S. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.7.1108a · Cited by 268
Obsessive‐compulsive disorder: a clinical, neuropsychological and positron emission tomography study
Martinot, J. L., Allilaire, J., Mazoyer, B. M., Hantouche, E. G., Huret, J. D., Legault-Demare, F., Deslauriers, A. G., Hardy, P., Pappatà, S., Baron, J., et al. (1990) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb03059.x · Cited by 268
Neuropyschological performance in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Christensen, K. J., Kim, S. W., Dysken, M. W., & Hoover, K. M. (1992) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90003-i · Cited by 256
Veale, D. M., Sahakian, B. J., Owen, A. M., & Marks, I. M. (1996) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700035984 · Cited by 239
Cognitive-behavioral treatment of obsessive thoughts: a controlled study
Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., Gagnon, F., Thibodeau, N., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., & Bujold, A. (1997) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.65.3.405 · Cited by 234
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: Practical Management
Stein, D. J. (1999) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900011433 · Cited by 227
OCD in children and adolescents: A cognitive-behavioral treatment manual
Rosenberg, D. (1999) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6394(1999)9:3 · Cited by 184
Cognitive Frontal Lobe Dysfunction in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Schmidtke, K., Schorb, A., Winkelmann, G., & Hohagen, F. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00355-7 · Cited by 172
Neziroglu, F. A., McKay, D., Yaryura-Tobias, J. A., Stevens, K. P., & Todaro, J. F. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00191-0 · Cited by 169
Self-citationNeuropsychological and power spectral EEG investigations of the obsessive-compulsive syndrome.
Flor-Henry, P., Yeudall, L. T., Koles, Z. J., & Howarth, B. G. (1979) · PubMed · Cited by 168
(1996) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.8.1.82 · Cited by 155
Memory bias in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD)
Radomsky, A. S., & Rachman, S. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00151-x · Cited by 154
Obsessional experience and compulsive behaviour : a cognitive-structural approach
Reed, G. F. (1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 148
Memory for actual and imagined events in OC checkers
Constans, J. I., Foa, E. B., Franklin, M. E., & Mathews, A. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00095-2 · Cited by 140
Moritz, S., Birkner, C., Kloss, M., Jacobsen, D., Fricke, S., Böthern, A., & Hand, I. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.4.653 · Cited by 138
Abbruzzese, M., Ferri, S., & Scarone, S. (1995) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(95)02670-r · Cited by 138
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: Practical Management
Jenike, M. A., Baer, L., & Minichiello, W. E. (1998) · Cited by 136
Clinical and epidemiologic findings of significance to neuropharmacologic trials in OCD.
Sa, R., & Eisen, J. L. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 133
The Human Frontal Lobes: Functions and Disorders
Stein, S. H. (2000) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/15.5.455 · Cited by 124
Neziroglu, F., Stevens, K. P., McKay, D., & Yaryura-Tobias, J. A. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00053-x · Cited by 122
Self-citationBehavior Therapy for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Dar, R., & Greist, J. H. (1992) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30216-8 · Cited by 119
Neuropsychological functioning in a subclinical obsessive-compulsive sample
Mataix‐Cols, D., Junqué, C., Sánchez‐Turet, M., Vallejo, J., Verger, K., & Barrios, M. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00260-1 · Cited by 116
Cavedini, P., Ferri, S., Scarone, S., & Bellodi, L. (1998) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(97)00153-4 · Cited by 112
Recall and recognition memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder
(1996) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.8.1.99 · Cited by 107
Analysis of the effects of frontal lesions in monkeys. III. Object alternation.
Pribram, K. H., & Mishkin, M. M. (1956) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0046248 · Cited by 101
Obsessive compulsive disorder, checking, and non-verbal memory: a neuropsychological investigation
Tallis, F., Pratt, P., & Jamani, N. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00075-8 · Cited by 97
Johannes, S., Wieringa, B. M., Mantey, M., Nager, W., Rada, D., Müller-Vahl, K. R., Emrich, H. M., Dengler, R., Münte, T. F., & Dietrich, D. (2001) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0404.2001.00308.x · Cited by 96
Beers, S. R., Rosenberg, D. R., Dick, E. L., Williams, T., O’Hearn, K. M., Birmaher, B. B., & Ryan, C. M. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.5.777 · Cited by 91
Visuospatial priming and stroop performance in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder
Hartston, H. J., & Swerdlow, N. R. (1999) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.13.3.447 · Cited by 89
Visual attention in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Nelson, E. C., Early, T. S., & Haller, J. (1993) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(93)90104-o · Cited by 86
Salkovskis, P. M., & Forrester, E. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008043410-0/50005-2 · Cited by 85
Enhanced Startle Reactions to Acoustic Stimuli in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Kumari, V., Kaviani, H., Raven, P., Gray, J. A., & Checkley, S. A. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.1.134 · Cited by 74
Ladouceur, R., Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Dugas, M. J., Gagnon, F., Thibodeau, N., & Fournier, S. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.2.179 · Cited by 72
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: The Facts
de Silva, P., & Rachman, S. J. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 70
Childhood movement disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder.
Swedo, S. E., & Leonard, H. L. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 70
Pujol, J., Torres, L., Deus, J., Cardoner, N., Pifarré, J., Capdevila, A., & Vallejo, J. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00099-7 · Cited by 70
Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery
(2012) · SpringerReference · doi:10.1007/springerreference_183009 · Cited by 65
Working memory as assessed by subject-ordered tasks in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorderxs
Martin, A. D., Wiggs, C. L., Altemus, M. M., Rubenstein, C., & Murphy, D. L. (1995) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639508405167 · Cited by 63
Bolton, D., Gibb, W. R. G., Lees, A. J., Raven, P., Gray, J. A., Chen, E. Y. H., & Shafran, R. (1999) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/1999/639045 · Cited by 62
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF FRONTAL LESIONS IN :MONKEY:
Pribram, K. H. (1956) · Cited by 56
Irle, E., Exner, C., Thielen, K., Weniger, G., & Rüther, E. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.2.255 · Cited by 55
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: Practical Management, 3rd ed.
Black, D. W. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.3.509 · Cited by 52
Obsessional Cognition: Performance on Two Numerical Tasks
Reed, G. F. (1977) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.130.2.184 · Cited by 43
Gambini, O., Abbruzzese, M., & Scarone, S. (1993) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(93)90071-n · Cited by 42
Asbahr, F. R., Ramos, R. T., Negrão, A. B., & Gentil, V. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199912000-00013 · Cited by 33
Cognition in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Taylor, S. J. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008043410-0/50002-7 · Cited by 23
McKay, D., & Neziroglu, F. A. (1996) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(96)00010-9 · Cited by 19
Self-citationObsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Clinical Update
Black, J. L. (1992) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(12)60104-9 · Cited by 11
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Schizophrenia
Yaryura-Tobias, J. A., & McKay, D. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008043410-0/50017-9 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Flor-Henry, 1979, Neuropsychology and power spectral EEG investigation of the obsessive compulsive spectrum, Biological Psychiatry, 14, 119
- Rey, 1941, L'examine psychologique dans les cas d'encephalopathie traumatique, Archives de Psychologie, 28, 286
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chamberlain, S. R., Blackwell, A. D., Fineberg, N. A., Robbins, T. W., & Sahakian, B. J. (2005) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.11.006 · Cited by 830
A review on cognitive impairments in depressive and anxiety disorders with a focus on young adults
Castaneda, A. E., Tuulio‐Henriksson, A., MARTTUNEN, M. J., Suvisaari, J., & Lönnqvist, J. K. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.06.006 · Cited by 755
A critical evaluation of obsessive–compulsive disorder subtypes: Symptoms versus mechanisms
McKay, D., Abramowitz, J. S., Calamari, J. E., Kyrios, M., Radomsky, A. S., Sookman, D., Taylor, S. J., & Wilhelm, S. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.04.003 · Cited by 666
Self-citationConflict-induced behavioural adjustment: a clue to the executive functions of the prefrontal cortex
Mansouri, F. A., Tanaka, K., & Buckley, M. J. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2538 · Cited by 559
The neuropsychology of adult obsessive–compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis
Abramovitch, A., Abramowitz, J. S., & Mittelman, A. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.09.004 · Cited by 444
Metadata
- Authors
- Greisberg, S., & McKay, D.
- Affiliations
- Fordham University (US)
- Corresponding author
- McKay, Dean
- ORCID
- McKay, Dean
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-02
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 95-117
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1999074671
- Cited by
- 230
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 15.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- obsessive-compulsive disorder, neuropsychology, executive function, memory impairment, implicit memory, children, behavior therapy, therapeutic implications
- MeSH terms
- Child, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Memory Disorders, Neuropsychological Tests, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review